A Techno-Economic Analysis of meshed Topologies of Offshore Wind HVAC Transmission

Abstract

This work develops a method of quantifying the effect of adding meshed connections to radial network topologies used for offshore extraction. The method accounts for Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), Corrective maintenance (CM), losses and Expected Energy Not Transmitted (EENT). The stochastic nature of wind is also accounted for. The method is applied to a statistically significant randomly generated population of Offshore Wind Power Plant (OWPP) pairs. Analysis of both Medium Voltage (MV) and High Voltage (HV) bus meshing is performed. It is demonstrated that in the two OWPPs case meshed connections have a narrow but significant region of applicability. Further, the method is applied to a system of 6 wind farms and compared to the lowest cost radial connection, using a number of different planning horizons. It is shown that the optimal radial topology is no longer the clear choice as the development horizon increases.

Component degradation and system deterioration: An overview of early termination of PV-DG microgrid system

“…An architecture of a transmission line could deliver the generated energy but face a loss of power along the transmission line, and the delivered energy is slightly below the expected threshold. In other research by [81][82], topology degeneration also induced expected energy not transmitted (EENT).…”

“…The deteriorations were similarly begun at the design and installation stage, where the network topology and grid architecture slightly affect the transmitted energy. It is found that several transmission disturbances were triggered by improper design of topology and architecture [81] [82]. A transmission line design without considering the surrounding environment was found with an unexpected nuisance, e.g., component corrosion [83], overloading load [83], out of range working frequency [84], or underrated coupling between grid networks [85].…”