A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries

Gundry, Stephen; Wright, Jim A.; Conroy, Ronán

doi:10.2166/wh.2004.0001

Cited by 200 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Some research has shown an association between the consumption of highly contaminated water and diarrhea, 42,43 but other investigations have found no significant association between the level of fecal contamination in stored household drinking water and disease risk. [44][45][46][47] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated an association between the detection-but not the amount-of E. coli contamination and diarrhea. 48 The considerable contamination of improved water sources observed in this and other studies demonstrates that the current MDG indicator for water quality should not be equated with safety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Heitzinger¹,

Rocha²,

Quick³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The indicator used to measure progress toward the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water is access to an improved water supply. However, improved supplies are frequently fecally contaminated in developing countries. We examined factors associated with Escherichia coli contamination of improved water supplies in rural Pisco province, Peru. A random sample of 207 households with at least one child less than 5 years old was surveyed, and water samples from the source and storage container were tested for E. coli contamination. Although over 90% of households used an improved water source, 47% of source and 43% of stored water samples were contaminated with E. coli. Pouring or using a spigot to obtain water from the storage container instead of dipping a hand or object was associated with decreased risk of contamination of stored water (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.80). Container cleanliness (aPR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.00) and correct handwashing technique (aPR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.90) were also associated with decreased contamination risk. These findings highlighted the limitations of improved water supplies as an indicator of safe water access. To ensure water safety in the home, household water treatment and improved hygiene, water handling, and storage practices should be promoted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Heitzinger¹,

Rocha²,

Quick³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…27,31,32 For ceramic water filters, a POU technology comparable with the BSF because it is water treatment using a filter as a durable good rather than a consumable chemical disinfection treatment such as chlorine, diarrheal disease reductions between 29% and 72% have been reported. In an analogous post-implementation assessment of the pot-style ceramic water purifier in Cambodia using a prospective cohort study design, there was 46% lower diarrheal disease prevalence for filter household members compared with non-filter household members.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Continued Use and Health Impact of the Concrete Biosand Filter in Bonao, Dominican Republic

Aiken¹,

Stauber²,

Ortiz³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The biosand filter (BSF) is a promising point of use (POU) technology for water treatment; however there has been little follow-up of initial implementation to assess sustainability. The purpose of this study was to examine continued use, performance, and sustainability of previously implemented concrete BSFs in Bonao, Dominican Republic. Of 328 households visited and interviewed, 90% of BSFs were still in use after approximately 1 year since installation. Waterquality improvement, measured by fecal indicator bacteria reduction, was found to be 84-88%, which is lower than reductions in controlled laboratory studies but similar to other field assessments. In a short prospective cohort study comparing BSF to non-BSF households, odds of reported diarrheal disease in BSF households were 0.39 times the odds of reported diarrheal disease in non-BSF households. These results document high levels of sustained and effective concrete BSF use and associated improvements in water quality and health.

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“…Unsanitary methods of water serving from household storage vessels, including contaminated hands and dippers, and inadequate cleaning of vessels, which lead to accumulation of sediments and pathogens [10,15,16]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open defecation along the railway tract: A Prominent cause of water pollution

2017

IJAPSA

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Fecal pollution and open defecation leads to contaminating the drinking water and that causes water borne diseases. The aim of study was to study the effect of open defecation on household drinking water in the Amravati city. The study was conducted by collecting water samples (fresh and residual) from total 220 families which include 104 open defecation not free (ODNF) families along the railway line and 116 open defecation free (ODF) families. The study showed that 97% drinking water samples were potable before used and the quality of drinking water deteriorated to 56(55%) significantly after use in water sample collected from ODNF families. Total 22(23%) thermotolerant E coli were found in the drinking water samples of ODNF families. In the ODF families, 105(90%) samples were potable and 11(10%) samples were contaminated before used and 29(28%) sample were converted from potable to nonpotable after used. Thermotolerant E coli were found in 12 (11%) samples. Further, the study indicated that the total 85 (41%) drinking water samples was converted from potable to nonpotable and thermotolerant coliform was found in 34 (

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A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries

Cited by 200 publications

References 31 publications

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

An Assessment of Continued Use and Health Impact of the Concrete Biosand Filter in Bonao, Dominican Republic

Open defecation along the railway tract: A Prominent cause of water pollution

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