A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Echinococcosis in Domestic and Wild Animals

Otero-Abad, Belen; Torgerson, Paul R.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002249

Cited by 234 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…These uncontrolled feeding of raw viscera has been identified as major risk factor for the transmission of CE in many different settings (Otero-Abad and Torgerson, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of socio-cultural factors on transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo

et al. 2017

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S U M M A R YEchinococcus granulosus sensu latu (s.l.) and Taenia hydatigena are common parasites of ruminant intermediate hosts in the Balkans. Transmission is linked mainly to home slaughtering and the feeding of infected organs to dogs. In Kosovo, many old sheep are slaughtered particularly during Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice). To determine whether this tradition could affect parasite transmission, we compared the probability of 504 dogs to contract taenid infections after deworming during one period before Eid al-Adha and a similar period beginning with this event. Initially, taeniid eggs were detected in 6·2% (CI 4·2-8·6) of the dogs. The prevalence before Eid al-Adha was significantly lower (1·2%, CI 0·4-2·6) as compared with the prevalence after the event (4·3%, CI 2·6-6·3). A comparable trend was apparent at species level for T. hydatigena and E. granulosus. These results indicate that the pronounced increase of taeniid infections, including E. granulosus s.l., after Eid al-Adha is linked to traditional home slaughtering that occurs during this celebration. This particular epidemiological situation provides an opportunity for implementing focussed control activities.

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“…These uncontrolled feeding of raw viscera has been identified as major risk factor for the transmission of CE in many different settings (Otero-Abad and Torgerson, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of socio-cultural factors on transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, these issues were addressed in greater detail in a systematic review of EM infections in domestic and wild animals (Otero-Abad and Torgerson, 2013). This review article lists studies that assessed potential associations between EM infection in foxes and environmental factors such as seasonal and spatial variations of the prevalence, altitude, average annual maximum temperature, precipitation, geographic areas and land-use.…”

Section: Probability Of Transmission and Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Butterworth¹

2015

EFS2

134

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms carnivore species can maintain the lifecycle in the absence of red fox, and this makes it to most relevant target species for surveillance. Movement of infected definitive hosts is an important introduction pathway. The knowledge on the geographical distribution of the environmental factors for the persistence of the lifecycle is scarce. In areas where no suitable autochthonous wild canid hosts and no highly suitable intermediate hosts are present, e.g. Malta, establishment of the EM cycle is considered close to impossible. Such countries do not need to carry out surveillance on domestic dogs to substantiate absence of EM in the relevant animal population. Reconsideration of some aspects of the current legislation regarding surveillance activities might be relevant; for example the identification of epidemiologically relevant units should be independent from political borders. Studies to improve the knowledge on epidemiological risk factors should be encouraged to enable risk-based sampling. Echinococcus notification should always be done at species level in order to discriminate between the more severe alveolar echinococcosis and the cystic echinococcosis. Praziquantel is the substance of choice for the treatment of dogs. However, the treatment window should be reconsidered to reduce the risk of re-infection: a general rule is to treat as close as possible to entry into a non-infected country. There is a lack of standardization of the diagnostic methods between laboratories. The diagnostic sensitivity of the tests should be established in accordance to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standards for validation. For the time being, the diagnostic sensitivity can be set conservatively to 78%. SCIENTIFIC OPINION © European Food Safety Authority, 2015Keywords: Echinococcus multilocularis, echinococcosis, hosts, risk factors, diagnosis, surveillance, Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. E. multilocularis infections in animalswww.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2015;13(15):4373 SummaryHuman alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. It is amongst one of the most dangerous zoonoses. Naturally the parasite transmits between foxes or dogs and small mammals whilst humans are aberrant intermediate hosts.In rodents, the larval mass proliferates rapidly by exogenous budding of germinative tissue and produces an alveolar-like pattern of microvesicles filled with protoscolices. In humans, the larval mass resembles a malignancy in appearance and behavior, because it proliferates indefinitely by exogenous budding and invades the surrounding tissues (Moro et al., 2008). Transmission of A...

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“…Some authors have associated the variation in prevalence to the variations in host life-history traits (mostly age structure of populations) and/or in environmental parameters, such as climate, landscape characteristics or geographical location (for recent reviews see Atkinson et al, 2013;Otero-Abad and Torgerson, 2013). For example, a number of surveys on regional or national scales have identified a high spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of the parasite in red fox (V. vulpes) populations (Miterpakova et al, 2006;Combes et al, 2012;Guerra et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

Raoul

Hegglin

Giraudoux

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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The life cycle of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis primarily involves canids and small mammals (rodents, lagomorphs) as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Several surveys have identified marked temporal and geographical variations at different scales in the parasite's prevalence in both types of hosts, suggesting variations in the biological and ecological factors that control transmission processes. The parasite transmission from intermediate to definitive hosts is determined by the predator-prey relationship, which theoretically depends on prey population dynamics and the complex dietary response of predators to varying densities of prey species and other food items. Parasite eggs are transmitted to intermediate hosts via carnivore faeces, whose distribution in the environment is driven by the defecating behaviour of final hosts. We reviewed field-based studies that address issues related to the trophic ecology and behaviour of definitive hosts, interactions between definitive and intermediate hosts, and E. multilocularis transmission both in wild and domestic animals in rural and urban environments. Two density-dependent mechanisms control the transmission dynamics in definitive hosts: one is based on the variations in the availability of intermediate hosts, and the other is based on the variations in the density of the definitive host and its faeces. Non-linearity and the direct and delayed responses of definitive host contamination in relation to intermediate host population variations were recorded. The dietary response of the red fox was shown to be complex when abundant alternative resources were available (anthropogenic food, multiple intermediate host prey species). Micro-local hotspots of parasite transmission to intermediate hosts in a landscape, as well as areas of higher risk for human contamination in village and urban settings, may be explained by the definitive hosts' activity patterns and defecation behaviour.

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A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Echinococcosis in Domestic and Wild Animals

Cited by 234 publications

References 141 publications

The impact of socio-cultural factors on transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo

The impact of socio-cultural factors on transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

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