A systematic review of premorbid cognitive functioning and its timing of onset in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Mohn-Haugen, Caroline Ranem; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank; Teigset, Charlotte M.; Øie, Merete Glenne; Rund, Bjørn Rishovd

doi:10.1016/j.scog.2022.100246

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…They also found that longitudinal transition to psychosis was associated with deficits in verbal learning, visual memory, processing speed and attention or vigilance, as well as general intelligence (IQ). The mean age of participants across the 78 independent studies included in the meta-analysis (13) was 20.2 years, and in a previous review it was 18.5 years (11). These encompassing studies highlight the paucity of studies investigating cognition in adolescents at risk for psychosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…When looking at a wide variety of studies where individuals have been cognitively tested before onset of SSD, evidence indicates that specific cognitive deficits appear at different stages in life before illness onset. For instance, verbal impairments have been detected as early as 3 years of age and non-verbal and executive impairments later in adolescence (11). Knowledge of when specific impairments are identifiable is important for understanding the pathogenesis of SSD pre-onset.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive functioning in a group of adolescents at risk for psychosis

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Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and impairments are present in groups at-risk for psychosis. Most at-risk studies include young adults and not younger age-groups, such as adolescents. Participants are usually help-seeking individuals, even though risk factors may also be present in non-help seeking adolescents. We aim to explore cognitive functions in a group of non-help-seeking 15-year-old adolescents at risk for psychosis compared to age- and gender matched controls, including particular focus on specific cognitive domains. Hundred participants (mean age = 15.3) were invited after completing the 14-year-old survey distributed by the Norwegian Mother-, Father- and Child Study. At-risk adolescents were selected based on high scores on 19 items assessing both psychotic experiences and anomalous self-experiences. Matched controls were selected from the same sample. Cognitive functioning was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and IQ using Wechsler’s Abbreviated Test of Intelligence. We found that the adolescents at-risk for psychosis had significantly poorer scores than controls on the composite score of the MCCB. IQ scores were also significantly lower in the at-risk group. The results highlight general cognitive deficits as central in a group of non-help-seeking adolescents at-risk for psychosis. Results indicate that the development of cognitive impairments starts early in life in at-risk groups. It is still unclear whether specific cognitive domains, such as verbal learning, are related to psychotic symptoms or may be specifically vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive functioning in a group of adolescents at risk for psychosis

et al. 2022

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“…While the cold cognitive domain includes cognitive abilities that are independent from emotional involvement (i.e., attention, memory and learning abilities, cognitive flexibility, planning and working memory), the hot cognitive domain includes cognitive abilities influenced by emotional stimuli (i.e., reward learning, decision-making and risk-taking processing). Finally, the social cognition domain includes cognitive abilities related to interpersonal contacts and to the perception of oneself and others in the social environment, such as emotion perception, theory of mind (ToM), and attributional style [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, while in disorders such as schizophrenia, a solid consensus has been reached regarding neuropsychological impairment during all the phases of the disorder [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the social cognition domain includes cognitive abilities related to interpersonal contacts and to the perception of oneself and others in the social environment, such as emotion perception, theory of mind (ToM), and attributional style [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, while in disorders such as schizophrenia, a solid consensus has been reached regarding neuropsychological impairment during all the phases of the disorder [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. On the other hand, scientific evidence on cognitive disturbances in major depressive disorder (MDD) has only recently been re-evaluated, especially when considering young populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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The present narrative review has covered the current evidence regarding the role of cognitive impairments during the early phase of major depressive disorder (MDD), attempting to describe the cognitive features in childhood, adolescence and in at-risk individuals. These issues were analyzed considering the trait, scar and state hypotheses of MDD by examining the cold and hot dimensions, the latter explained in relation to the current psychological theoretical models of MDD. This search was performed on several electronic databases up to August 2022. Although the present review is the first to have analyzed both cold and hot cognitive impairments considering the trait, scar and state hypotheses, we found that current evidence did not allow to exclusively confirm the validity of one specific hypothesis since several equivocal and discordant results have been proposed in childhood and adolescence samples. Further studies are needed to better characterize possible cognitive dysfunctions assessing more systematically the impairments of cold, hot and social cognition domains and their possible interaction in a developmental perspective. An increased knowledge on these topics will improve the definition of clinical endophenotypes of enhanced risk to progression to MDD and, to hypothesize preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce negative influences on psychosocial functioning and well-being.

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“…An ideal biomarker for schizophrenia might then be able to predict conversion from high-risk to diagnosis (Naatanen et al, 2016). Currently there is no gold standard biomarker that reliably tracks symptom severity (Lieberman et al, 2019), although there is convergence regarding risk factors and cognitive deficits (Mohn-Haugen et al, 2022). This has led to calls for multivariate biomarker metrics to more comprehensively assess an individual's risk level (e.g., (Cannon et al, 2016;Price et al, 2006;Seidman, Shapiro, et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Memory and Sensory Memory in Subclinical High Schizotypy: An Avenue for Understanding Schizophrenia?

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Kilgore-Gomez

et al. 2022

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The search for robust, reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia remains a high priority in psychiatry. Biomarkers are valuable because they can track symptom progression and monitor treatment progress, and may predict who is at-risk of developing schizophrenia in the future. Despite the existence of various promising biomarkers that relate to symptoms across the schizophrenia-spectrum, and despite published recommendations encouraging multivariate metrics, they are rarely investigated simultaneously within the same individuals. In those with schizophrenia, the magnitude of purported biomarkers is complicated by comorbid diagnoses, medications, and other treatments. Here, we argue two points. First, we reiterate the importance of assessing multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Second, we argue that investigating biomarkers in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding the mechanisms of schizophrenia. We focus on biomarkers of sensory and working memory in schizophrenia and their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical high schizotypy. We note irregularities across research domains leading to the current situation in which there is a preponderance of data on auditory sensory memory and visual working memory, but markedly less in visual (iconic) memory and auditory working memory. This imbalance is particularly evident when focusing on schizotypy. Together, this review highlights opportunities to address gaps in knowledge. We conclude by highlighting the theory that early sensory memory deficits contribute negatively to working memory and vice versa. This presents a mechanistic perspective where biomarkers may interact with one another and impact schizophrenia-related symptoms.

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A systematic review of premorbid cognitive functioning and its timing of onset in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Cited by 16 publications

References 85 publications

Cognitive functioning in a group of adolescents at risk for psychosis

Cognitive functioning in a group of adolescents at risk for psychosis

Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review

Working Memory and Sensory Memory in Subclinical High Schizotypy: An Avenue for Understanding Schizophrenia?

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