A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Depression and Associated Factors among Adult HIV/AIDS-Positive Patients Attending ART Clinics of Ethiopia: 2021

Abstract

Introduction. Depression is the most common mental health problem in people living with the human immune virus. It ranges from 11% to 63% in low- and middle-income countries. Depression was high in people living with HIV/AIDS in developing countries, especially in the Ethiopian context. Even though depression has negative consequences on HIV-positive patients, the care given for depression in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia is below the standard in their HIV care programs. Method. International databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Hinari, Embase, and Scopus) and Ethiopian university repository online have been covered in this review. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using the Stata version 14 software program. We detected the heterogeneity between studies using the I 2 test. We checked publication bias using a funnel plot test. Results. The overall pooled depression prevalence among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was 36.3% (95% CI: 28.4%, 44.2%) based on the random effect analysis. Adult HIV/AIDS patients having CD4 count < 200 ( AOR = 5.1 ; 95% CI: 2.89, 8.99), widowed marital status ( AOR = 3.7 ; 95% CI: 2.394, 5.789), medication nonadherence ( AOR = 2.3 ; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.15), poor social support (2.986) (95% CI: 2.139, 4.169), perceived social stigma (2.938) (2.305, 3.743), opportunistic infections (3.010) (2.182, 4.151), and adverse drug reactions (4.013) (1.971, 8.167) were significantly associated with depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, in Ethiopia. Conclusion and Recommendation. The pooled depression prevalence among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was higher than the general population and is alarming for the government to take special consideration for HIV-positive patients. Depression assessment for all HIV-positive patients and integrating with mental health should be incorporated to ensure early detection, prevention, and treatment. Community-based and longitudinal study designs mainly focusing on the incidence and determinants of depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients should be done in the future.

Prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms among HIV/AIDS in Ningbo, China: A cross-sectional study

“…It has been found that the 2-year mortality risk of those with depressive symptoms was 9.7%, higher than that of those without depressive symptoms among HIV-infected patients who inject drugs (17). Recent systematic reviews about the relationship between HIV and depressive symptoms showed that depressive symptoms were associated with gender, age, marital status, economic level, social support, HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 count, antiviral therapy, sexual transmission, opportunistic infections and social stigma among HIV/AIDS (18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Differences in adoption of COVID-19 pandemic related preventive behaviour by viral load suppression status among people living with HIV during the first wave of the pandemic

“…Confounding variables considered included age at last birthday [28,29], sex at birth (male, female, intersex, no response) [30,31] educational status (No formal education, primary level, secondary level and tertiary level) and self-report of depression [32,33]. Depression was assessed by asking respondents to indicate if they had experienced any of the 10 listed emotions during the pandemic, one of which was depression.…”

Sleep quality mediates the effect of medical social support on depression symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS

“…Having positive social relationships can promote healthier sleep by encouraging positive emotions, reducing stress, and preventing social isolation [ 9 ]. Social isolation can lead to greater stress and damage mental health [ 10 ]. Sufficient medical-social support may enable PLWHs to cope with the negative effects of stress more actively [ 6 ].…”