A systematic literature review on the conversion of plastic wastes into valuable 2D graphene-based materials

Vieira, Octávia; Ribeiro, Rui S.; Tuesta, Jose L. Díaz de; Gomes, Helder; Silva, Adrián M.T.

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131399

Cited by 82 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…However, this is usually done in processes where the plastics need to be obtained in their pure form [ 20 ]. In this design, the plastics do not need to be separated afterwards; the slurry of the solvent and plastic will be used as a carbon feedstock for various applications that could include the creation of carbon nanotubes [ 6 , 21 ] or graphene [ 22 ] via the chemical vapour deposition method.…”

Section: Process Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanics of Forming Ideal Polymer–Solvent Combinations for Open-Loop Chemical Recycling of Solvents and Plastics

Tsampanakis

White

2021

Polymers

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The inherent value and use of hydrocarbons from waste plastics and solvents can be extended through open-loop chemical recycling, as this process converts plastic to a range of non-plastic materials. This process is enhanced by first creating plastic–solvent combinations from multiple sources, which then are streamlined through a single process stream. We report on the relevant mechanics for streamlining industrially relevant polymers such as polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) into chemical slurries mixed with various organic solvents such as toluene, xylene, and cyclohexane. The miscibility of the polymer feedstock within the solvent was evaluated using the Relative Energy Difference method, and the dissolution process was evaluated using the “Molecular theories in a continuum framework” model. These models were used to design a batch process yielding 1 tonne/h slurry by setting appropriate assumptions including constant viscosity of solvents, disentanglement-controlled dissolution mechanism, and linear increase in the dissolved polymer’s mass fraction over time. Solvent selection was found to be the most critical parameter for the dissolution process. The characteristics of the ideal solvent are high affinity to the desired polymer and low viscosity. This work serves as a universal technical guideline for the open-loop chemical recycling of plastics, avoiding the growth of waste plastic by utilising them as a carbon feedstock towards a circular economy framework.

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Section: Process Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanics of Forming Ideal Polymer–Solvent Combinations for Open-Loop Chemical Recycling of Solvents and Plastics

Tsampanakis

White

2021

Polymers

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“…Thus, applying those materials in the oxidative removal of sulfur and nitrogen from liquid fuels is a natural extension. Carbon-based materials can be synthesized from various precursors, including waste materials [68][69][70], and through several synthesis procedures [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. Table 3 summarizes the main carbon-based materials that will be discussed in the following sections, along with some common carbon sources and synthesis routes.…”

Section: Oxidative Desulfurization (Ods) and Denitrogenation (Odn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal decomposition, CVD, flash joule heating High electrical and thermal conductivity (up to ~5000 W m −1 K −1 ), strongest material ever measured (Young's module~1 T Pa), good stretchability, high surface area (theoretical calculations predict a value of 2630 m 2 g −1 for monolayer graphene), high chemical and thermal stability. [68,73]…”

Section: Oxidative Desulfurization (Ods) and Denitrogenation (Odn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-Based Materials for Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation of Fuels: A Review

et al. 2021

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Sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) are elements naturally found in petroleum-based fuels. S- and N-based compounds in liquid fuels are associated with a series of health and environmental issues. Thus, legislation has become stricter worldwide regarding their content and related emissions. Traditional treatment systems (namely hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation) fail to achieve the desired levels of S and N contents in fuels without compromising combustion parameters. Thus, oxidative treatments (oxidative desulfurization–ODS, and oxidative denitrogenation-ODN) are emerging as alternatives to producing ultra-low-sulfur and nitrogen fuels. This paper presents a thorough review of ODS and ODN processes applying carbon-based materials, either in hybrid forms or as catalysts on their own. Focus is brought to the role of the carbonaceous structure in oxidative treatments. Furthermore, a special section related to the use of amphiphilic carbon-based catalysts, which have some advantages related to a closer interaction with the oily and aqueous phases, is discussed.

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“…The use of plastic waste as a starting source to produce value-added products and/or materials has been proposed as the necessary impetus to increase the attractiveness of plastic recycling [237]. When plastic waste is transformed into these new products, there are many essential factors that need to be considered, as the addition of plastic waste can affect the performance of the composite materials produced [238].…”

Section: Accumulation Of Plastic Waste In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plastic recycling [237]. When plastic waste is transformed into these new products, there are many essential factors that need to be considered, as the addition of plastic waste can affect the performance of the composite materials produced [238].…”

Section: Accumulation Of Plastic Waste In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation

et al. 2021

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Plastics are ubiquitous in our society and are used in many industries, such as packaging, electronics, the automotive industry, and medical and health sectors, and plastic waste is among the types of waste of higher environmental concern. The increase in the amount of plastic waste produced daily has increased environmental problems, such as pollution by micro-plastics, contamination of the food chain, biodiversity degradation and economic losses. The selective and efficient conversion of plastic waste for applications in environmental remediation, such as by obtaining composites, is a strategy of the scientific community for the recovery of plastic waste. The development of polymeric supports for efficient, sustainable, and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the treatment of organic/inorganic contaminants is highly desirable yet still a great challenge; this will be the main focus of this work. Common commercial polymers, like polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene therephthalate, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, are addressed herein, as are their main physicochemical properties, such as molecular mass, degree of crystallinity and others. Additionally, we discuss the environmental and health risks of plastic debris and the main recycling technologies as well as their issues and environmental impact. The use of nanomaterials raises concerns about toxicity and reinforces the need to apply supports; this means that the recycling of plastics in this way may tackle two issues. Finally, we dissert about the advances in turning plastic waste into support for nanocatalysts for environmental remediation, mainly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

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A systematic literature review on the conversion of plastic wastes into valuable 2D graphene-based materials

Cited by 82 publications

References 62 publications

The Mechanics of Forming Ideal Polymer–Solvent Combinations for Open-Loop Chemical Recycling of Solvents and Plastics

The Mechanics of Forming Ideal Polymer–Solvent Combinations for Open-Loop Chemical Recycling of Solvents and Plastics

Carbon-Based Materials for Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation of Fuels: A Review

Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation

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