A systematic approach to determine the fouling index for a RO/NF membrane process

Choi, June-Seok; Hwang, Tae Mun; Lee, Sang-Ho; Hong, Seungkwan

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.042

Cited by 72 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Choi et al [47] proposed a novel fouling index known as the combined fouling index (CFI), which uses a set of different membrane filters to determine the fouling potential of water. The authors suggested that no single method can be successfully used for accurate prediction of fouling potential of feed waters, but the combination of different fouling indices using different types of test membranes such as hydrophilic MF and hydrophilic UF is a good possibility, as each of these membranes can capture different portions of foulants in a given feed.…”

Section: Membrane Fouling and Concentration Polarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Juice Processing and Membrane Technology Application

et al. 2011

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This article provides an overview of recent developments and the published literature in membrane technology with regard to fruit juice processing and considers the impact of such technology on product quality. In the fruit juice industry, membrane technology is used mainly to clarify the juice by means of ultrafiltration and microfiltration and to concentrate it by means of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. We look at enzyme immobilization techniques to improve filtration performance and operation methods to quantify fouling. Membrane fouling is a critical issue and inhibits the broader application of membranes in the fruit production industry. Pectin and its derivatives form a gel-like structure over the membrane surface, thereby reducing the permeate flux. In order to degrade pectin, the raw juice is usually subjected to an enzymatic treatment with pectinase, which hydrolyses pectin and causes its protein complexes to flocculate. The resulting juice has reduced viscosity and a much lower pectin content, which is advantageous in the subsequent filtration processes.

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Section: Membrane Fouling and Concentration Polarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Juice Processing and Membrane Technology Application

et al. 2011

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“…To measure DOC, the samples were passed through 0.45 μm membrane filters and analyzed using the TOC analyzer (Choi et al 2009). Total metal contents were analyzed using ICP-MS (APHA 2005).…”

Section: Characterization Of Soil and Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoavailability of copper in the presence of recycled water sources

2011

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Background and aims Recycled water irrigation provides a reliable source of water supply to farmers and also adds valuable plant nutrients and organic matter to the soil. However, untreated or partially treated wastewater can introduce inorganic and organic contaminants, including heavy metals, into agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transformation of copper (Cu) in soils treated with recycled water sources and its subsequent uptake by plants.Methods The impact of recycled water sources [farm dairy effluent (FDE) and piggery effluent (PE)] on the transformation and phytoavailability of Cu was examined using two soils (Gawler and Adelaide Hills) which varied in their pH and organic matter content. The soils were spiked with varying levels of Cu (0-500 mg kg-1) in the presence of recycled water sources and MQ-water. The transformation of Cu was examined by monitoring the CaCl2 extractable free Cu2+ and pore water metal concentrations. The phytoavailability of Cu in the presence of recycled water sources was analyzed using Indian mustard (Brassica juncea var. Varuna) plants.Results The recycled water sources significantly reduced the CaCl2 extractable and pore water free Cu2+ concentrations in soils, indicating a decrease in the labile fraction of Cu. The results indicated that increasing the level of Cu applied through recycled water sources and Milli-Q (MQ) water elevated Cu concentration in plants. However, at the same level of Cu application, plants took up less Cu from recycled water-amended soils than from MQ-water-amended soils. The effect was more pronounced in PE treated soils, with a reduction in Cu concentration in the plant tissues by 74.8% and 54% in GL soil, and 57.2% and 49% in AH soil at 100 and 500 mg kg-1 Cu levels respectively, compared to the Cuspiked soils in the presence of MQ-water. ConclusionsThe results clearly showed that the presence of organic carbon in the recycled water was proved to be effective in reducing Cu phytotoxicity at high levels of Cu addition, indicating that the metalorganic complexes decreased the bioavailability of Cu to plants.

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“…Scale formation is a complex phenomenon involving both crystallisation and transport mechanisms. Thermodynamically, crystallisation or precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 ·H 2 O), barium sulphate (BaSO 4 ), strontium sulphate (SrSO 4 ), silicates (SiO 2 ), calcium phosphate (Ca 3 PO 4 ) or aluminosilicates (Al 2 SiO 5 ) becomes possible when the activity of ions in solution is above their saturation limit and the solution is supersaturated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. This phenomenon often occurs as a result of concentration polarisation taking place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%