A Survey of Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Luo, Junhai; Chen, Yanping; Wu, Man; Yang, Yang

doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3048190

Cited by 170 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Therefore, UWSNs are a valuable research direction in approaching underwater applications. Due to their wide range of applications in many fields, such as environmental and pollution monitoring, oceanographic data collection, ocean samples, early warning systems, disaster prevention, offshore exploration, distributed tactical surveillance, assisted navigation, and resource discovery, UWSNs have increasingly attracted considerable attention over the last two decades [7][8][9][10]. This is aimed to improve ocean exploration and support the demand for various time-critical civilian and military aquatic applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Alfouzan

2021

JMSE

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The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocol is the most important part of any network, and is considered to be a fundamental protocol that aids in enhancing the performance of networks and communications. However, the MAC protocol’s design for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) has introduced various challenges. This is due to long underwater acoustic propagation delay, high mobility, low available bandwidth, and high error probability. These unique acoustic channel characteristics make contention-based MAC protocols significantly more expensive than other protocol contentions. Therefore, re-transmission and collisions should effectively be managed at the MAC layer to decrease the energy cost and to enhance the network’s throughput. Consequently, handshake-based and random access-based MAC protocols do not perform as efficiently as their achieved performance in terrestrial networks. To tackle this complicated problem, this paper surveys the current collision-free MAC protocols proposed in the literature for UWSNs. We first review the unique characteristic of underwater sensor networks and its negative impact on the MAC layer. It is then followed by a discussion about the problem definition, challenges, and features associated with the design of MAC protocols in UWANs. Afterwards, currently available collision-free MAC design strategies in UWSNs are classified and investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of each design strategy along with the recent advances are then presented. Finally, we present a qualitative comparison of these strategies and also discuss some possible future directions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Alfouzan

2021

JMSE

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“…SANET [70] Survey of the existing research on underwater Marine communications, reliability guarantee, classified as the four topics of channel modeling, range extension, and capacity enhancement in SANET 2019 [71] The survey paper summarizes the underwater routing protocols proposed in recent years, the performance of different underwater routing protocols, and research challenges in SANET 2021 [72] A survey on interoperability, simplicity, and scalability for maritime services and IoT applications in SANET 2020 [73] Unmanned survey systems that consist of autonomous underwater vehicles, transporting AUVs roles between a survey site and shore base, and communication relaying between ground-based mission control and the AUVs.…”

Section: Reference Major Contribution Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Ad Hoc Networks—A Comparative Study

Al-Absi

Sain

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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An ad hoc network is a wireless mobile communication network composed of a group of mobile nodes with wireless transceivers. It does not rely on preset infrastructure and is established temporarily. The mobile nodes of the network use their own wireless transceivers to exchange information; when the information is not within the communication range, other intermediate nodes can be used to relay to achieve communication. They can be widely used in environments that cannot be supported by wired networks or which require communication temporarily, such as military applications, sensor networks, rescue and disaster relief, and emergency response. In MANET, each node acts as a host and as a router, and the nodes are linked through wireless channels in the network. One of the scenarios of MANET is VANET; VANET is supported by several types of fixed infrastructure. Due to its limitations, this infrastructure can support some VANET services and provide fixed network access. FANET is a subset of VANET. SANET is one of the common types of ad hoc networks. This paper could serve as a guide and reference so that readers have a comprehensive and general understanding of wireless ad hoc networks and their routing protocols at a macro level with a lot of good, related papers for reference. However, this is the first paper that discusses the popular types of ad hoc networks along with comparisons and simulation tools for Ad Hoc Networks.

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“…This equation boosts the concept of smooth delivery of data (when there is no void nodes [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]) and trace out the empty region on the routing path. It fits for medium and large-scale networks because when the number of nodes increases, the ratio of occurrence of empty regions ‘ Er ’ also increases [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: The Tri-angular Nearest Vector-based Energy Efficient Routing (Tanveer)mentioning

confidence: 99%

TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs)

Draz

Yasin

Irfan

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology in underwater communication because of its potential to monitor underwater activities. IoT devices enable a variety of applications such as submarine and navy defense systems, pre-disaster prevention, and gas/oil exploration in deep and shallow water. The IoT devices have limited power due to their size. Many routing protocols have been proposed in applications, as mentioned above, in different aspects, but timely action and energy make these a challenging task for marine research. Therefore, this research presents a routing technique with three sub-sections, Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER): Layer-Based Adjustment (LBA-TANVEER), Data Packet Delivery (DPD-TANVEER), and Binary Inter Nodes (BIN-TANVEER). In TANVEER, the path is selected between the source node and sonobuoys by computing the angle three times with horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions by using the nearest vector-based approach to avoid the empty nodes/region. In order to deploy the nodes, the LBA-TANVEER is used. Furthermore, for successful data delivery, the DPD-TANVEER is responsible for bypassing any empty nodes/region occurrence. BIN-TANVEER works with new watchman nodes that play an essential role in the path/data shifting mechanism. Moreover, achievable empty regions are also calculated by linear programming to minimize energy consumption and throughput maximization. Different evaluation parameters perform extensive simulation, and the coverage area of the proposed scheme is also presented. The simulated results show that the proposed technique outperforms the compared baseline scheme layer-by-layer angle-based flooding (L2-ABF) in terms of energy, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and a fraction of empty regions.

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A Survey of Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 170 publications

References 111 publications

Energy-Efficient Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Energy-Efficient Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Moving Ad Hoc Networks—A Comparative Study

TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs)

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