A study on volatile organic compounds emitted by in-vitro lung cancer cultured cells using gas sensor array and SPME-GCMS

Abstract

BackgroundVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from exhaled breath from human bodies have been proven to be a useful source of information for early lung cancer diagnosis. To date, there are still arguable information on the production and origin of significant VOCs of cancer cells. Thus, this study aims to conduct in-vitro experiments involving related cell lines to verify the capability of VOCs in providing information of the cells.MethodThe performances of e-nose technology with different statistical methods to determine the best classifier were conducted and discussed. The gas sensor study has been complemented using solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For this purpose, the lung cancer cells (A549 and Calu-3) and control cell lines, breast cancer cell (MCF7) and non-cancerous lung cell (WI38VA13) were cultured in growth medium.ResultsThis study successfully provided a list of possible volatile organic compounds that can be specific biomarkers for lung cancer, even at the 24th hour of cell growth. Also, the Linear Discriminant Analysis-based One versus All-Support Vector Machine classifier, is able to produce high performance in distinguishing lung cancer from breast cancer cells and normal lung cells.ConclusionThe findings in this work conclude that the specific VOC released from the cancer cells can act as the odour signature and potentially to be used as non-invasive screening of lung cancer using gas array sensor devices.

Application of Thin-Film Microextraction to Analyze Volatile Metabolites in A549 Cancer Cells

“…In the in vitro studies focused on the A549 volatilome, diverse sampling techniques were used, inter alia, an exhaustive technique with a packed sorption tube monolith monotrap, but in most cases VOCs were extracted on SPME fibers coated either with carboxen-divinylbenzene [8,10,15], or a carboxen [16] phase. The in vitro SPME sampling was performed by placing aqueous medium in a gas tight vial followed by preincubation and exposure of a fiber assembly to the headspace [15].…”

“…The in vitro SPME sampling was performed by placing aqueous medium in a gas tight vial followed by preincubation and exposure of a fiber assembly to the headspace [15]. In another protocol, we exposed the SPME fiber directly to the A549 cell headspace inside cultivation bottles (flasks) stored in an incubator [9,10,16]. In ref [9,16] cultivation flasks were separated from the incubator atmosphere by turning caps to the gas tight position 1 h before sampling.…”

“…SPME fibers have been proven to extract VOCs from diverse human body fluids including exhaled breath samples, tissues from stomach cancer patients [6] and from lung cancer patients [7,8]. For in vitro models of lung cancer, the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line is often employed, and SPME fibers have been successfully applied to VOCs extraction from a cell culture headspace [9], even during their growth phase [10]. A pharmacometabolomic study on cisplatin influence on volatilome of A549 cells has been investigated utilizing SPME fibers, with particular VOCs shown to be related to cell apoptosis [11].…”

Real-Time In-Vehicle Air Quality Monitoring System Using Machine Learning Prediction Algorithm

“…Based on the related works, the essential element to integrate a gas sensor into the hardware system is the type of sensor selection and targeted gas [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. CO 2 was found to be the most critical pollutant in the vehicle cabin with the RC ventilation mode.…”

The electronic nose: emerging biomarkers in lung cancer diagnostics

“…To date, e-noses have been able to detect cancer in different settings and have been tested in vitro. They can distinguish lung cancer patients from healthy patients, both in volunteers and in those suspected of having cancer [38]. Such studies most commonly assess VOCs emitted by cells in a laboratory setting, with some in vivo studies, but mostly in pilot form.…”