A Stroop in the Hand is Worth Two on the Laptop: Superior Reliability of a Smartphone Based Alcohol Stroop in the Real World

Spanakis, Panagiotis; Jones, Andrew; Field, Matt; Christiansen, Paul

doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1536716

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Notably, no study to our knowledge has yet reported results for a mobile version of marijuana Stroop. In a mobile version of the alcohol Stroop, attentional bias scores were not associated with individual differences in drinking behavior [21]. In contrast, attentional bias for cigarette smoking cues assessed by a mobile version of the smoking Stroop administered on a personal digital assistant was associated with nicotine dependence severity [22] and nicotine craving during the early stages of a quit attempt [23].…”

Section: Mobile Cognitive Assessment Studiesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A computerized version of the marijuana Stroop task indicated that marijuana-related words captured the attention of marijuana-dependent individuals (ie, longer reaction time for marijuana-related words vs neutral words), but not healthy controls [12]. A mobile alcohol Stroop task had acceptable internal consistency reliability in real-world settings (Cronbach alpha=.70 to .74), with participants showing attentional bias to alcohol words [21].…”

Section: Mobile Phone Cognitive Tasks and Rating Of Distraction After Session Completionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the analysis sample, the average age of onset for marijuana use was 16.5 years (SD 1.7; range [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], and the average age of onset for regular marijuana use (ie, using marijuana at least once per month for at least six months) was 17. The average number of sessions associated with marijuana use was 7.0 (SD 5.8).…”

Section: Marijuana Use In the Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mobile Assessment of Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults: Observational Study

Chung¹,

Bae²,

Mun³

et al. 2020

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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Background Mobile assessment of the effects of acute marijuana on cognitive functioning in the natural environment would provide an ecologically valid measure of the impacts of marijuana use on daily functioning. Objective This study aimed to examine the association of reported acute subjective marijuana high (rated 0-10) with performance on 3 mobile cognitive tasks measuring visuospatial working memory (Flowers task), attentional bias to marijuana-related cues (marijuana Stroop), and information processing and psychomotor speed (digit symbol substitution task [DSST]). The effect of distraction as a moderator of the association between the rating of subjective marijuana high and task performance (ie, reaction time and number of correct responses) was explored. Methods Young adults (aged 18-25 years; 37/60, 62% female) who reported marijuana use at least twice per week were recruited through advertisements and a participant registry in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Phone surveys and mobile cognitive tasks were delivered 3 times per day and were self-initiated when starting marijuana use. Completion of phone surveys triggered the delivery of cognitive tasks. Participants completed up to 30 days of daily data collection. Multilevel models examined associations between ratings of subjective marijuana high (rated 0-10) and performance on each cognitive task (reaction time and number of correct responses) and tested the number of distractions (rated 0-4) during the mobile task session as a moderator of the association between ratings of subjective marijuana high and task performance. Results Participants provided 2703 data points, representing 451 reports (451/2703, 16.7%) of marijuana use. Consistent with slight impairing effects of acute marijuana use, an increase in the average rating of subjective marijuana high was associated with slower average reaction time on all 3 tasks—Flowers (B=2.29; SE 0.86; P=.008), marijuana Stroop (B=2.74; SE 1.09; P=.01), and DSST (B=3.08; SE 1.41; P=.03)—and with fewer correct responses for Flowers (B=−0.03; SE 0.01; P=.01) and DSST (B=−0.18; SE 0.07; P=.01), but not marijuana Stroop (P=.45). Results for distraction as a moderator were statistically significant only for certain cognitive tasks and outcomes. Specifically, as hypothesized, a person’s average number of reported distractions moderated the association of the average rating of subjective marijuana high (over and above a session’s rating) with the reaction time for marijuana Stroop (B=−52.93; SE 19.38; P=.006) and DSST (B=−109.72; SE 42.50; P=.01) and the number of correct responses for marijuana Stroop (B=−0.22; SE 0.10; P=.02) and DSST (B=4.62; SE 1.81; P=.01). Conclusions Young adults’ performance on mobile cognitive tasks in the natural environment was associated with ratings of acute subjective marijuana high, consistent with slight decreases in cognitive functioning. Monitoring cognitive functioning in real time in the natural environment holds promise for providing immediate feedback to guide personal decision making.

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Section: Mobile Cognitive Assessment Studiesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Mobile Phone Cognitive Tasks and Rating Of Distraction After Session Completionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Marijuana Use In the Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mobile Assessment of Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults: Observational Study

Chung¹,

Bae²,

Mun³

et al. 2020

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…46 À .89). Other studies have demonstrated different estimates of internal reliability (Robinson et al 2015;Spanakis et al 2019), however most do not report reliability despite its integral role in effect estimates and reproducibility (Baugh 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

May I have your attention, please? Methodological and analytical flexibility in the addiction stroop

Jones

Worrall

Рудин

et al. 2021

Addiction Research & Theory

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Background: Theoretical models of addiction predict that an attentional bias toward substance-related cues plays a role in development and maintenance of addictive behaviors, although empirical data testing these predictions are somewhat equivocal. This may in part be a consequence of substantial variability in methods used to operationalize attentional bias. Our aim was to examine the variability in key design and analysis decisions of the addiction Stroop. Method: Using a pre-registered design, we identified 95 studies utilizing an addiction Stroop (46 alcohol, 25 smoking, 24 drug-related). We extracted key information about the design of the Stroop tasks, including; administration (paper-and-pencil vs. computerized), response (key-press vs. voice), design (block vs. mixed). For analysis decisions we extracted information on upper-and lower-bound reaction time cutoffs, removal of data based on standard error cutoffs, removal of participants based on overall performance, type of outcome used, and removal of errors. Results: Based on variability from previous research there are at least 1,451,520 different possible designs of the computerized Alcohol Stroop, 77,760 designs of the computerized Smoking Stroop and 112,640 for the Drug Stroop. Many key design decisions were unreported. Similarly, variability in analyses decisions would allow for 9,000 different methods for analyzing the Alcohol Stroop, 5,376 for the Smoking Stroop and 768 for the Drug Stroop. P-curves suggest data provided evidential value and exploratory meta-regressions suggest that the addiction Stroop effect was not associated with design and analysis decisions. Conclusions: The addiction Stroop effect is seemingly robust, however the adoption of consistent reporting guidelines is necessary to aid reliability and reproducibility.

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“…Alcohol-related AB, identified as a further potential driver of consumption (Field and Cox, 2008), has also generated inconsistent findings. On one hand, a bidirectional association between heightened AB and alcohol-seeking behaviours has garnered support (Field and Cox, 2008), and recent studies indicate that alcohol-related AB is most pronounced immediately prior to a drinking (Spanakis et al, 2019). However, the acute effects of alcohol on AB also appear to be affected by people's previous alcohol involvement and acute intoxication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intoxication without anticipation: Disentangling pharmacological from expected effects of alcohol

et al. 2021

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Background: The pharmacological effects of alcohol on executive function, craving and subsequent alcohol-seeking have been well documented. Yet, insufficient methodological controls within existing alcohol administration paradigms have meant that the relative importance of alcohol’s pharmacological and anticipatory effects remains in need of further elucidation. Aim: The objective of this study is to disentangle alcohol’s pharmacological effects from its anticipatory effects on alcohol-related cognitions and subsequent consumption. Methods: Inhibitory control, attentional bias and craving were assessed pre- and post-consumption in 100 participants who were randomly allocated to one of four beverage conditions in a two by two design: (1) alcohol aware (alcohol with participant knowledge (pharmacological/anticipation effects)), (2) alcohol blind (alcohol without participant knowledge; in a novel grain alcohol masking condition (pharmacological/no anticipation effects)), (3) placebo (no alcohol but participants were deceived (anticipation/non-pharmacological effects)) and (4) pure control (no alcohol with participant knowledge (no anticipation/non-pharmacological effects)). Results: Findings suggest that the pharmacological effects of alcohol result in greater inhibitory control impairments compared with anticipated effects. Anticipatory but not the pharmacological effects of alcohol were found to increase attentional bias. Both pharmacology and anticipation resulted in increased craving, though higher levels of craving were observed due to alcohol’s pharmacology. Furthermore, alcohol pharmacology resulted in heightened ad libitum consumption; however, anticipation did not. Changes in craving partially mediated the relationship between initial intoxication and subsequent drinking, while inhibitory control impairments did not. Conclusions: Successive alcohol consumption appears driven primarily by the pharmacological effects of alcohol which are exerted via changes in craving.

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A Stroop in the Hand is Worth Two on the Laptop: Superior Reliability of a Smartphone Based Alcohol Stroop in the Real World

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Mobile Assessment of Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults: Observational Study

Mobile Assessment of Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults: Observational Study

May I have your attention, please? Methodological and analytical flexibility in the addiction stroop

Intoxication without anticipation: Disentangling pharmacological from expected effects of alcohol

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