A small molecule two-photon probe for hydrogen sulfide in live tissues

Abstract

We report a two-photon probe (FS1) which shows a 21-fold two-photon excited fluorescence enhancement in response to H(2)S and can selectively detect H(2)S in a rat hippocampal slice at a depth of 90-190 μm by using two-photon microscopy.

A two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells

“…These fluorescent probes for H 2 S are based on specific chemical reactions by taking advantage of the reducing or nucleophilic properties of H 2 S. In accordance with the fluorophores, the reported probes are mainly derived from rhodamine [19], fluorescein [20], dansyl [21], BODIPY [22], naphthalimide [23], resorufamine [24], NBD, [25], BMF, [26], coumarin [27,28], cresyl violet [29], genetically encoded fluorescent protein [30], pyrene [31], DCDHF [32], DCMC [33] and phenanthroimidazole [34]. By attaching a sub-cellular targetable group, fluorescent probes can image H 2 S in specific regions of cells, like mitochondria [35] and lysosomes [36].…”

“…Compared to traditional fluorescence microscopy, TPM offers intrinsic 3D resolution combined with reduced phototoxicity, increased specimen penetration, and negligible background fluorescence [37e40]. Unfortunately, twophoton fluorescent probes for H 2 S are still rare [26,41].…”

Sensitive and rapid detection of endogenous hydrogen sulfide distributing in different mouse viscera via a two-photon fluorescent probe

“…While the two-photon microscopy (TPM), which employs two near-IR photons as the excitation source, offers a number of advantages, including greater penetration depth (>500 µm), lower background fluorescence, better three-dimensional spatial localization, and longer observation times. [40,41] Though two-photon (TP) fluorescent probes are favorable as powerful molecular tools for studying in biology and medicine, up to date, there are only a limited number of TP probes have been designed for intracellular H 2 S imaging, [26,[42][43][44][45][46] especially the lack of direct evidence about endogenous H 2 S level in different viscera. Moreover, most of them display a delayed response time (more than 30 min) to H 2 S, which is not suitable for real-time imaging of quick H 2 S-related biological processes since metabolism of H 2 S is very fast.…”

Cell-trappable fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide signaling and imaging H 2 O 2 -dependent H 2 S production

“…Early work in this area from our laboratory (26) as well as from Wang and colleagues (27) exploited the selective H 2 S-mediated reduction of azides and sulfonylazides, respectively, to devise first-generation reagents for fluorescence H 2 S detection. This versatile approach has since been widely adopted (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). He (34,35) and Xian (36,37) have reported elegantly designed probes with dual proximate electrophilic sites for trapping H 2 S. Furthermore, Nagano (38) as well as Zeng and Bai (39) have developed copper sulfide precipitation strategies for H 2 S detection.…”