“…Using this strategy, protein dimerization, such as the dimerization of the Met receptor or the transforming growth factor-β type II receptor, was clearly visualized on the surface of living cells in real-time. To date, bivalent binding-induced DNA displacement has been used to sense streptavidin on magnetic beads [56,57], thrombin [58][59][60][61][62], PDGF [63][64][65], human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in live cells [66], human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) [67], prostate-specific antigen (PSA) [68][69][70], antibodies [71][72][73][74], cardiac troponin [75], and other, specific cells [76]. Additionally, streptavidin has been detected using chemiluminescent detection based on a DNA walker [77], and antibodies have been identified through quantum dot doping methods [78].…”