A Short History of Medicine

Ackerknecht, Erwin H.

doi:10.1097/00007611-195607000-00024

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…A seemingly major difference between modern Western and a traditional Chinese medical system exists in the form of practice. The former has become increasingly site-based, or rather clinic/hospital-based, since the early nineteenth century 21 and has been "progressively equipped with the latest diagnostic and therapeutic technologies" from the time of the early twentieth century. 22 Traditional Chinese medicine however, may be offered at multiple sites including traditional pharmacies, the homes of patients, or even the street stands of practitioners, with little equipment.…”

Section: The Social and Cultural Framework For Mass Healing Practice mentioning

confidence: 99%

Localised Communities and Mass Healing Practice: The Case of Guangxi, China

Du¹

2017

Anthropol Open J

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Healing, as a way of maintaining health in human beings, has been derived primarily from social and cultural concepts and events. This article investigates what may be termed as 'mass healing practice' and the way in which this form of healing has been passed down through generations in Guangxi's local communities. It examines the environmental as well as social and cultural elements underlying the localised healthcare tradition and analyses how this form of mass healing practice continues to largely exist on its own in present day Guangxi. This article briefly compares mass healing practice with the practice of modern western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine in other social contexts, and presents the argument that mass healing practice and mass healing education developed in Guangxi's isolated local communities are more elaborately rooted in the social and cultural matrix of such communities relative to the other forms of healthcare practice. This is because indigenous mass healing practices and education in isolated communities are not only related to people's everyday life, but are also understood, in varying degrees, as community-wide social activities.

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Section: The Social and Cultural Framework For Mass Healing Practice mentioning

confidence: 99%

Localised Communities and Mass Healing Practice: The Case of Guangxi, China

Du¹

2017

Anthropol Open J

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“…The earliest recorded medicine was associated with magic and religion (2,32). Although there was considerable progress before the twentieth century, the history of medicine also included long periods of adherence to authority, little or no progress, and most importantly, very harmful treatments.…”

Section: Medical Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Clinical Trials in the Twentieth Century

Fisher

1999

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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This article considers the rise of the randomized clinical trial during the twentieth century. Before such development could begin, probability and statistics needed to merge. Sir RA Fisher introduced randomization in the 1920s and, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, randomized clinical trials in humans were being performed by using the statistical-hypothesis-testing paradigm. Randomization gave unbiased comparisons and a way to perform hypothesis testing without model assumptions. To preserve the benefits of randomization, a type of analysis called intent-to-treat analysis is appropriate. Needed development has occurred and is occurring in refining ethical standards, monitoring trials of serious irreversible endpoints while preserving type-I error, and instituting independent dataand safety-monitoring boards. Recent methodology has also been concerned with the appropriateness of using surrogate endpoints. A current area of debate is the appropriateness of using Bayesian statistical methods in this context.

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“…See Blustein BE."' 2 The neurologists and alienists clashed in several public forums including committees of the legislature, notorious court cases and through the "media". Their somatic views were readily discounted by editorialists in the New York Times and other papers.…”

Section: Ernest Jones (Center Second Row) With Freud and Colleagues mentioning

confidence: 99%

A History of Neurology in Toronto 1892–1960: Part I

Wherrett

1995

Can. j. neurol. sci.

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THE IMMEDIATE REALM OF NEUROLOGY 1 The Domain of Nervous and Mental Disease: Confounding Concepts In the nineteenth century, advances in social and economic conditions and in biomedical science encouraged physicians in Europe, England and North America not only to seek greater understanding of the organic basis of the most severe forms of mental illness or insanity but to increasingly attend to the whole domain of nervous and mental disease. This domain extended on the one hand from overt and obvious organic disorder free of mental or behavioral components, through organic cerebral disorders associated with severe cognitive and/or psychic disturbance, to disorders with clinical features strongly suggestive of organic cause but without detectable structural pathology, and to mild disorders clearly of psychic etiology on the other. In Germany and France particularly, gross anatomic and histopathologic studies were uncovering organic causes for an increasing proportion of the insanities; however, a very large and heterogeneous group of disorders remained, for which correlations with structural change could not be established. This included disorders now recognized as primarily organic (such as epilepsy and movement disorders) as well as disorders primarily psychic in origin, all of which came to be referred as "functional". At the turn of the nineteenth century, this group of disorders were conceptualized in "romantic-philosophic-psychologic" terms 23 implicating lifestyle and ideology in etiology. By midcentury, increased knowledge of nervous system anatomy and physiology encouraged a somatic view strongly espoused by Griesinger and Meynert among others, a view that was extended by some to all disorders with psychic symptoms. The approaches to the investigation and care of this vast domain of nervous and mental disease that now seem rational were seriously confounded by the very limited knowledge of disease mechanisms. In spite of the multiplicities of etiology and pathogenesis now recognized, which permit great precision in diagnosis, physicians concerned with the nervous system continue to experience difficulty in assigning somatic and psychic mechanisms to individual patients. Those whose disorders are of primary organic etiology continue to be mistakenly treated as though the cause was psychic and vice versa. This clinical challenge of distinguishing organic from psychic could only have been compounded many fold at the turn of the century, when neurology first appeared in Toronto. Contending Specialists In Europe, the British Isles and the United States, the evolution of systems for the care and investigation of this great domain of nervous and mental disease differed. Groups with different professional backgrounds began to contend roles in the management of the domain.

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A Short History of Medicine

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Localised Communities and Mass Healing Practice: The Case of Guangxi, China

Localised Communities and Mass Healing Practice: The Case of Guangxi, China

Advances in Clinical Trials in the Twentieth Century

A History of Neurology in Toronto 1892–1960: Part I

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