A serological evaluation of 1979–1982 Kenyan foot-and-mouth disease type SAT 2 viruses

Ndiritu, C. G.; Ouldridge, E. J.; Head, M.; Rweyemamu, Mark M.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400060356

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Better antigenic relationships were obtained for the SAT1 viruses belonging to the same topotype of the reference viruses (with less than 16 % aa variation). In the past, the combination of SAT1/SAR/9/81 and SAT1/KNP/196/91 in a tetravalent vaccine, containing also a SAT2 and a SAT3 strain, were able to protect against SAT1 outbreaks in Southern Africa (Hunter, 1998 (Ndiritu et al, 1983). The poor antigenic coverage of existing vaccine strains against field strains call for urgent development of multiple regionspecific or topotype-specific vaccine strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

Maree

Blignaut

Esterhuysen

et al. 2011

Journal of General Virology

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outer capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. This study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of South African Territories (SAT) serotypes prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the P1-coding region within the SAT serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and therefore have implications for the selection of vaccine strains that would provide the best vaccine match against emerging viruses. Interestingly, although SAT1 and SAT2 viruses displayed similar genetic variation within each serotype (32 % variable amino acids), antigenic disparity, as measured by r 1 -values, was less pronounced for SAT1 viruses compared with SAT2 viruses within our dataset, emphasizing the high antigenic variation within the SAT2 serotype. Furthermore, we combined amino acid variation and the r 1 -values with crystallographic structural data and were able to predict areas on the surface of the FMD virion as antigenically relevant. These sites were mostly consistent with antigenic sites previously determined for types A, O and C using mAbs and escape mutant studies. Our methodology offers a quick alternative to determine antigenic relevant sites for FMDV field strains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

Maree

Blignaut

Esterhuysen

et al. 2011

Journal of General Virology

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“…the vaccine strain) (Rweyemamu et al, 1977). Serological comparisons of SAT 2 viruses from Kenya revealed that there is extensive antigenic variation in this country, where two of the six major SAT 2 virus clusters occur (Ndiritu et al, 1983). In a comparative study of the antigenic and genetic diversity within SAT 1 , it was shown that viruses from different topotypes, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The implications of virus diversity within the SAT 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa

Bastos

Haydon

Sangare

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

101

110

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SAT 2 is the serotype most often associated with outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in livestock in southern and western Africa and is the only SAT type to have been recorded outside the African continent in the last decade. Its epidemiology is complicated by the presence of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), which play an important role in virus maintenance and transmission. To assess the level of genetic complexity of this serotype among viruses associated with both domestic livestock and wildlife, complete VP1 gene sequences of 53 viruses from 17 countries and three different host species were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eleven virus lineages, differing from each other by at least 20 % in pairwise nucleotide comparisons, four of which fall within the southern African region, two in West Africa and the remaining five in central and East Africa. No evidence of recombination between these lineages was detected, and thus we conclude that these are independently evolving virus lineages which occur primarily in discrete geographical localities in accordance with the FMD virus topotype concept. Applied to the whole phylogeny, rates of nucleotide substitution are significantly different between topotypes, but most individual topotypes evolve in accordance with a molecular clock at an average rate of approximately 0?002 substitutions per site per year. This study provides an indication of the intratypic complexity of the SAT 2 serotype at the continental level and emphasizes the value of molecular characterization of diverse FMD field strains for tracing the origin of outbreaks.

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“…In eastern Africa, FMD was first reported in cattle in 1932 [ 15 ] and since then, the marketability of livestock and animal products within, and outside, the region has been negatively affected [ 16 ]. The maintenance of FMDV in the region has been attributed to various factors including: the presence of numerous wildlife reservoirs [ 7 , 17 – 19 ], communal and pastoral grazing systems that enable contact between livestock and wildlife [ 20 ], poor diagnostic capacity in the region [ 9 ], emergence of new strains [ 21 – 23 ], transboundary animal movements and traditional cultural practices such as the exchange of live animals for dowry and gifts [ 24 , 25 ]. East African countries have tried to control the disease mainly by quarantine and post outbreak vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unrecognized circulation of SAT 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds around Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda

et al. 2016

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BackgroundFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Uganda in spite of the control measures used. Various aspects of the maintenance and circulation of FMD viruses (FMDV) in Uganda are not well understood; these include the role of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as a reservoir for FMDV. To better understand the epidemiology of FMD at the livestock-wildlife-interface, samples were collected from young, unvaccinated cattle from 24 pastoral herds that closely interact with wildlife around Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda, and analysed for evidence of FMDV infection.ResultsIn total, 37 (15 %) of 247 serum samples had detectable antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins (NSPs) using a pan-serotypic assay. Within these 37 sera, antibody titres ≥ 80 against the structural proteins of serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 were detected by ELISA in 5, 7, 4 and 3 samples, respectively, while neutralizing antibodies were only detected against serotype O in 3 samples. Two FMDV isolates, with identical VP1 coding sequences, were obtained from probang samples from clinically healthy calves from the same herd and are serotype SAT 1 (topotype IV (EA-I)). Based on the VP1 coding sequences, these viruses are distinct from previous cattle and buffalo SAT 1 FMDV isolates obtained from the same area (19–30 % nucleotide difference) and from the vaccine strain (TAN/155/71) used within Uganda (26 % nucleotide difference). Eight herds had only one or a few animals with antibodies against FMDV NSPs while six herds had more substantial evidence of prior infection with FMDV. There was no evidence for exposure to FMDV in the other ten herds.ConclusionsThe two identical SAT 1 FMDV VP1 sequences are distinct from former buffalo and cattle isolates from the same area, thus, transmission between buffalo and cattle was not demonstrated. These new SAT 1 FMDV isolates differed significantly from the vaccine strain used to control Ugandan FMD outbreaks, indicating a need for vaccine matching studies. Only six herds had clear serological evidence for exposure to O and SAT 1 FMDV. Scattered presence of antibodies against FMDV in other herds may be due to the occasional introduction of animals to the area or maternal antibodies from past infection and/or vaccination.The evidence for asymptomatic FMDV infection has implications for disease control strategies in the area since this obstructs early disease detection that is based on clinical signs in FMDV infected animals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0616-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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A serological evaluation of 1979–1982 Kenyan foot-and-mouth disease type SAT 2 viruses

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

The implications of virus diversity within the SAT 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa

Unrecognized circulation of SAT 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds around Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda

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