A Rheological Criterion for Fracturing Fluids to Transport Proppant during a Stimulation Treatment

Goel, Naval; Subhash, Shah

doi:10.2523/71663-ms

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Guar derivatives such as hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl hydropropyl guar have also have been used due to their ability to cross-link, resulting in higher viscosities and optimum fracture geometry. 30 Recent literature reported some polymers maintaining high viscosity and efficient carrying capacities. Li et al ( 2014) used brine samples with high total dissolved solids and a high temperature of 270 °F.…”

Section: Polymers In Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of guar thickens and viscosifies the fracturing aqueous fluid, which provides the fluid with the ability to transport the proppant to the fractures. Guar derivatives such as hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl hydropropyl guar have also have been used due to their ability to cross-link, resulting in higher viscosities and optimum fracture geometry …”

Section: Polymers In Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective Review of Polymers as Additives in Water-Based Fracturing Fluids

et al. 2022

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After successful implementation for more than 6 decades by the oil and gas industry, hydraulic fracturing remains the pioneer well stimulation method to date. Polymers are one of the additives in fracturing fluids that play a significant role. Polymers are used as friction reducers and viscosifiers to provide a transport medium for proppants in fracturing fluids. There are many polymer-based fracturing fluid systems, but choosing the most appropriate type and system depends on the type of application and a wide range of parameters. Currently, there is no complete review study that gives a reference and hence a perspective for researchers on the use of polymers in hydraulic fracturing. This paper summarizes the published literature on polymers used in fracturing fluids and discusses the current research issues, efforts, and trends in the field, aiming to provide an overview of the polymer applications in slick-water and cross-linked gel systems. The mechanism and limitation of polymer use such as polymer degradation, fracture conductivity reduction, and polymer adsorption are also reviewed in this paper. The reviewed literature suggested that polymers are important additives in fracturing fluids not only to provide adequate transportation of proppants but also to determine the width of the fracture whereby higher viscosities yield wider fractures. The development of synthetic polymers and associative polymers in fracturing fluids showed a remarkable potential to improve the stability of fracturing fluids in unconventional reservoirs under reservoir conditions, which makes it an interesting topic for future studies.

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Section: Polymers In Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers In Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Review of Polymers as Additives in Water-Based Fracturing Fluids

et al. 2022

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“…Slickwater is widely used during hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs to form complex fracture networks. It is used for its low cost and little damage it presents to reservoirs [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Proppants settle out of suspension more rapidly to form a bank in slickwater compared to conventional fracturing fluids, and the movement of the bank itself becomes an essential mechanism that dominates the proppant migration in the fracture [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of the Interaction Parameters between the Proppant and Fracture Wall and the Effects of These Parameters on Proppant Distribution

Liu

Zhang

2020

Energies

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Saltation and reputation (creep) dominate proppant transport rather than suspension during slickwater fracturing, due to the low sand-carrying capacity of the slickwater. Thus, the interaction parameters between proppants and fracture walls, which affect saltation and reputation, play a more critical role in proppant transport. In this paper, a calibration method for the interaction parameters between proppants and walls is built. A three-dimensional coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model is established to study the effects of the interaction parameters on proppant migration, considering the wall roughness and unevenly distributed diameters of proppants. The simulation results show that a lower static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient can result in a smaller equilibrium height of the sand bank and a smaller build angle and drawdown angle, which is beneficial for carrying the proppant to the distal end of the fracture. The wall roughness and the unevenly distributed diameter of the proppants increase the collision between proppant and proppant or the wall, whereas the interactions have little impact on the sandbank morphology, slightly increasing the equilibrium height of the sandbank. low-viscosity fluid. Moreover, experiments on proppant transport in fracture networks [10,12,13] were mostly carried out to answer the debatable question of whether slickwater can transport proppants into secondary fractures or not. In addition to experimental research, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were widely used to study proppant transport in fractures. The most common approach for modeling proppant transport is the Eulerian-Eulerian method in which the interaction between the particles and fluid is fully coupled [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In a recent study, Han et al. [20] used the Eulerian granular model to track proppant movement in various fractures for a better understanding of how proppant transport is influenced by fracture viscosity, proppant density, and pump rate. The second method is the Eulerian-Lagrangian model, which tracks individual particle movement with time and location with the Lagrangian framework and describes fluid flow with the Eulerian framework [21][22][23]. The discrete element method (DEM) [24] is a useful tool to simulate the behavior of particles, and it can be coupled with CFD to model the interaction between particles and the surrounding fluid. In recent years, the coupled CFD-DEM model was used to study fracturing fluid flow in fractures for its advantages of considering proppant-proppant, proppant-boundary, and proppant-fracturing fluid interactions [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Blyton et al. [26] first used the coupled CFD-DEM model to simulate the motion of particles flowing with a fluid between fracture walls, and the simulations individually determined that particle trajectories such as particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall collisions occur. Zhang et al. [28] used a two-dimensional coupled CFD-DEM model to study ...

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“…Since the elasticity of fracturing fluid may enhance its ability to transport proppants [18,44,45], these divalent metal ions need to be shielded when the flowback fluid is recycled and reused.…”

Section: Shielding Of Dissolved Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Fluid-Rock Interaction and Reuse of Flowback Fluid for Gel Fracturing in Desert Area

et al. 2018

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Hydraulic fracturing requires a large volume of fresh water, which is difficult and expensive to obtain in the desert area such as Tarim Basin. Currently, flowback fluid is typically transported to the sewage treatment plant and then discharged after reaching environmental requirements; however, this is not only costly, but also a waste of water resource. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the potential interactions between fracturing fluid and reservoir rock, and then find solutions to reuse the flowback water for subsequent fracturing. In this study, once flowback fluid was directly collected from the field, its chemical compositions were analyzed; then, filtering, decoloring, and chelating methods were chosen to effectively remove or shield the unfavorable reintroduced components. Moreover, pH value was further tuned during different stages of the recycling process to ensure good gelation and cross-linking properties of guar. Cross-linked guar synthesized with the flowback fluid was evaluated in the lab through shear resistance tests and coreflood tests under the reservoir conditions; results indicated the recycled gel behaved similarly as the original gel, or even better. From this work, a cheap and effective treatment process was proposed to reuse the flowback fluid in the desert area.

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A Rheological Criterion for Fracturing Fluids to Transport Proppant during a Stimulation Treatment

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Perspective Review of Polymers as Additives in Water-Based Fracturing Fluids

Perspective Review of Polymers as Additives in Water-Based Fracturing Fluids

Calibration of the Interaction Parameters between the Proppant and Fracture Wall and the Effects of These Parameters on Proppant Distribution

Study on Fluid-Rock Interaction and Reuse of Flowback Fluid for Gel Fracturing in Desert Area

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