A review on the utilization of natural graphite and graphite-based materials

Rao, Juan; Zhang, Pan; He, Shuai; Li, ZhiHuai; Ma, HongWen; Shen, Zhaopu; Miao, Shiding

doi:10.1360/n092015-00380

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…When the cracks cross the B 4 C phase and reach the grain boundary between B 4 C and W 2 B 5 , the cracks do not cross the W 2 B 5 grain but were deflected along the grain boundary, which cause the W 2 B 5 particles to pull out (Figure B), it could deflect the cracks effectively during propagation and release fracture energy as reflected by Figure B‐E. This phenomenon was attributed to the large residual stress along the B 4 C‐W 2 B 5 ‐Gr interfaces that results from the mismatched thermal expansion coefficients of B 4 C, graphite and W 2 B 5 , (α C = 4.08 × 10 −6 °C −1 , α B4C = 5.0 × 10 −6 °C −1 , α W2B5 = 7.8 × 10 −6 °C −1 ). The existence of such a stress may weaken the interphase bonding, introduce micro‐cracks, dissipate the strain energy and shield main cracks .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2018

J Am Ceram Soc

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Strip-shaped W 2 B 5 reinforced B 4 C ceramic composites were prepared via in situ reaction of boron(B)-graphite(Gr)-WC system by powder metallurgy (P/M). In order to study the effect of the graphite content on the properties of the as-fabricated ceramic composites, the powder mixture of B-Gr-WC with various amounts of Gr powder were blended and consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS).The sintering parameters were shown as following: sintering pressure was set as 30 MPa; The three-step sintering temperature was 1100-1550-1700°C and the duration time was set as 5-5-6 minutes, respectively. In situ formed strip-shaped W 2 B 5 particles were dispersed homogeneously in B 4 C matrix, which resulted in a remarkable improvement on the fracture toughness and mechanical properties.Appropriate 5vol% residual Gr in the composite shows positive effect on the mechanical properties which achieved an optimal counter-balance of fracture toughness and hardness, the relative density was 99.8%, the Vickers hardness can reach 30.2 GPa, and the fracture toughness was 11.9 MPaÁm 1/2 when the sintering temperature was set at 1700°C.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2018

J Am Ceram Soc

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“…The equipment used includes tungsten carbide molds and a uniaxial hydraulic press. The samples were prepared using powder compaction, resulting in cylindrical samples with dimensions of 7 mm × 12.5 mm and a density of 1.5 g/cm 3 . The sample is held at 1000 °C for 60 min.…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coal-derived graphite is a product of the transformation of coal during the transition from the coalification stage to the graphitization stage [1]. It is the main component of natural cryptocrystalline graphite [2] and has gained attention from the academic community due to the demand in the graphite market [3,4]. Currently, compared to the abundant research results on the coalification stage, our understanding of the graphitization stage is relatively weak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Verification for the Graphitization of Inertinite

et al. 2023

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In order to explore the graphitization of inertinite, this paper conducted high-temperature thermal simulation experiments (HTT) and high-temperature high-pressure simulation experiments (HTHP) on isolated samples enriched in inertinite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the graphitization process of inertinite. ① Results of HTT: the graphitization of inertinite has a “threshold condition” with the temperature threshold ranging between 2100 °C and 2400 °C. Below this threshold, the d002 value of the samples remains above 0.342 nm. ② Results of HTHP: (i) External forces have a significant positive effect on the graphitization of inertinite. Compared to the HTT, the addition of external forces significantly reduces the temperature required for inertinite graphitization. (ii) Proper combinations of temperature and pressure conditions are crucial for efficiently promoting the graphitization of inertinite. Changes in pressure, either increasing or decreasing from the optimal pressure, have a suppressive effect on the graphitization of inertinite. ③ The mechanism of external forces on the graphitization of inertinite was analyzed. Shear stress promotes the rotation and orientation of aromatic layers, while static hydrostatic pressure contributes to the contraction and reduction of interlayer spacing in carbon layers.

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“…Nature graphite (NG) has some important properties, such as chemical inertness, thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and lubricity. These properties make it suitable for many applications, including electronics, lubricants, metallurgy, and steelmaking . Some emerging technologies in large-scale fuel cells, batteries, and lightweight high-strength composites substantially increase the world demand for graphite. − Therefore, graphite is of far greater strategic importance globally than before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Multiple Methods for Recycling of Kish Graphite from Steelmaking Slags and Oil Sorption Performance of Kish-Based Expanded Graphite

Liu

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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The utilization of industrial waste as renewable resources is an essential issue of sustainable development. Kish graphite is a precipitate of excess carbon generated during the cooling of molten iron and one of the byproducts associated with steel slags. The scale-up recycling of kish graphite from steelmaking slags is a promising way to develop natural graphite alternatives. However, only one means cannot work efficiently because of the unusual occurrence of associated impurities; combining multiple separation methods is the solution. In this paper, we proposed an integrated beneficiation process, pneumatic separation–flotation–sonication–magnetic separation, to recycle kish graphite flakes with a high graphitization degree and investigated the sorption performance of various oils on kish-based expanded graphite. The new process avoided shortages such as the sediments of iron particles in the flotation cell and the loss of clean graphite in the magnetic separation. Consequently, the carbon content of kish graphite reached ∼95% after separation and >99% after acid leaching. The macroscopic structural defects of kish particles created more active sites, made the intercalation of KG-GICs faster, and yielded better-staged compounds. The kish graphite-based expanded graphite presented an octopus-like shape and exhibited an expansion volume of ∼150 mL/g. Furthermore, the developed macropore structure of the obtained kish graphite-based expanded graphite led to a superior sorption performance for oils. This work supplies one feasible and promising way to recycle kish graphite from steelmaking slags and use it.

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A review on the utilization of natural graphite and graphite-based materials

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Experimental Verification for the Graphitization of Inertinite

Combining Multiple Methods for Recycling of Kish Graphite from Steelmaking Slags and Oil Sorption Performance of Kish-Based Expanded Graphite

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A review on the utilization of natural graphite and graphite-based materials

Cited by 8 publications

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Effect of graphite content on properties of B4C‐W2B5 ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Effect of graphite content on properties of B4C‐W2B5 ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Experimental Verification for the Graphitization of Inertinite

Combining Multiple Methods for Recycling of Kish Graphite from Steelmaking Slags and Oil Sorption Performance of Kish-Based Expanded Graphite

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Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC

Effect of graphite content on properties of B₄C‐W₂B₅ ceramic composites by in situ reaction of B‐Gr‐WC