A review on the utilization of red mud for the production of geopolymer and alkali activated concrete

Kumar, Aman; Saravanan, T. Jothi; Bisht, Kunal; Kabeer, K.I. Syed Ahmed

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124170

Cited by 88 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The factors influencing the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of geopolymers incorporating RM and other waste materials, such as granite waste powder etc., have been thoroughly reviewed [69b] . Additionally, the sustainable use of RM, fly ash, and slag in the production of geopolymer composites [51a,62a] and alkali activated concrete [69f] has been addressed.…”

Section: Rm In Construction and Building Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Applications of Red Mud, an Aluminum Industry Waste Material, in the Construction and Building Industries, as well as Catalysis

Al-Fakih

Nor

Basha

et al. 2023

The Chemical Record

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The disposal of red mud (RM), a waste material generated by the aluminum industry, remains a global environmental concern because of its high alkalinity and smaller particle size, which have the potential to pollute air, soil, and water. Recently, efforts have been made to develop a strategy for reusing industrial byproducts, such as RM, and turning waste into value‐added products. The use of RM as (i) a supplementary cementitious material for construction and building materials, such as cement, concrete, bricks, ceramics, and geopolymers, and (ii) a catalyst is discussed in this review. Furthermore, the physical, chemical, mineralogical, structural, and thermal properties of RM, as well as its environmental impact, are also discussed in this review. It is possible to conclude that using RM in catalysis, cement, and construction industries is the most efficient way to recycle this byproduct on a large scale. However, the low cementitious properties of RM can be attributed to a reduction in the fresh and mechanical properties of composites incorporating RM. On the other hand, RM can be used as an efficient active catalyst to synthesize organic molecules and reduce air pollution, which not only makes use of solid waste but also lowers the price of the catalyst. The review provides basic information on the characterization of RM and its suitability in various applications, paving the way for more advanced research on the sustainable disposal of RM waste. Future research perspectives on the utilization of RM are also addressed.

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Section: Rm In Construction and Building Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Applications of Red Mud, an Aluminum Industry Waste Material, in the Construction and Building Industries, as well as Catalysis

Al-Fakih

Nor

Basha

et al. 2023

The Chemical Record

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“…All examples show that the weight loss rate is the same. Percentage misfortune of significance of show and compressive strength was used to determine concrete's alkaline resistance [30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Properties Of Finementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Mechanical and Durability Performance of Reinforced Concrete Containing Red Soil as Alternate for M‐Sand

Sebastin¹,

David²,

Karthick

et al. 2022

Journal of Nanomaterials

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The river sand is a primary parameter in the concrete structure. This work replaces accessible locally accessible substitution materials like red soil and manufactured sand (M-Sand). In this paper, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete containing red soil and M-Sand have been studied. In this investigation, M30 grade concrete was used, and tests were conducted for two sets of combinations; i.e., red soil as a partial replacement for river sand seems to be 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%, and red soil as a partial replacement for manufactured sand (M-Sand) seems to be 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, and 20%. The compressive strength (7 days, 28 days, 90 days), split tensile strength (28 days), and flexural strength (28 days) have been determined. The combination S4-50% river sand + 50 % red soil and S9-70% M- Sand + 30 % red soil gives more compressive strength than other combinations. Similarly, the combination S3-60% river sand + 40 % red soil and S6-40% M- Sand + 60 % red soil gives more flexural and split tensile strength than other combinations. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, EDAX analysis, and durability tests like alkalinity, sulfate attack, and chloride attack have also been studied.

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“…On the other hand, ceramicization at high temperatures produces ceramics with a stable crystalline structure, low permeability, and the ability to prevent the ingress of pollutants, allowing their breakdown through photocatalysis. The combination of ceramicization and subsequent coating with ZnO nanoparticles enhances the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance of RM and FA‐derived ceramics, making them effective and durable for photocatalytic applications in challenging environments, where they can efficiently degrade organic pollutants upon exposure to ultraviolet light 21,44–49 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of ceramicization and subsequent coating with ZnO nanoparticles enhances the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance of RM and FA-derived ceramics, making them effective and durable for photocatalytic applications in challenging environments, where they can efficiently degrade organic pollutants upon exposure to ultraviolet light. 21,[44][45][46][47][48][49] With yearly output surpassing hundreds of millions of tons, the hazardous by-products FA and RM pose a significant environmental risk. Due to the porous and fine particle structure of RM, it is possible to create a ceramic system with both FA and RM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticle coating on porous ceramic substrates with varying porosities produced from fly ash and red mud

Özcan,

Birol,

Dülger Kutlu

et al. 2023

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

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In order to improve filtering efficacy, nanoparticles are often deposited as photocatalytic degrading agents onto porous ceramics. This study aimed to deposit ZnO nanoparticles on ceramic substrates produced from fly ash and red mud with adjustable porosity and investigate their photocatalytic properties. To achieve this goal, at first porous ceramics were produced and sintered at various temperature/time intervals. It was observed that sintering at 800°C for 120 min provided a proper structure and porosity. In addition, MgO replacement with MgCO3 lowered the water absorption of the samples from 25.63% to 11.45%. The samples were then coated with ZnO nanoparticles using the sol–gel method and the ZnO structures obtained were micron‐sized plates. It was observed that increasing porosity increased the ZnO amount and accordingly the photocatalytic properties of the products. During the adsorption tests conducted in the dark, the coated ceramic samples were stained with MB with a maximum MB adsorption ratio of ∼14%. On the other hand, no visible MB stain was observed on the samples that were exposed to UV irradiation, and the MB removal after the UV irradiation was 93.6%; therefore, it was concluded that the dominant MB removal mechanism was photocatalytic.

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A review on the utilization of red mud for the production of geopolymer and alkali activated concrete

Cited by 88 publications

References 56 publications

Characterization and Applications of Red Mud, an Aluminum Industry Waste Material, in the Construction and Building Industries, as well as Catalysis

Characterization and Applications of Red Mud, an Aluminum Industry Waste Material, in the Construction and Building Industries, as well as Catalysis

Investigation on Mechanical and Durability Performance of Reinforced Concrete Containing Red Soil as Alternate for M‐Sand

Photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticle coating on porous ceramic substrates with varying porosities produced from fly ash and red mud

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