A review on monkeypox virus outbreak: New challenge for world

Abstract

Background Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a double‐stranded DNA‐enveloped virus that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to human. Consequently, it emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Based on available online literature, this study reviewed the majority of the data representing the outbreak, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox. Methods The literature search was conducted between July 5 and September 15, 2022. In addition to reviewing the databases of World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Africa CDC, and United Kingdom Health Security Agency monkey pox advice, 43 papers were studied in depth. Results and Discussion Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970 in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until May 6, 2022, it was endemic in West and Central African countries and infrequently occurred outside of Africa. However, many cases have been identified in several nonendemic countries since May 13, 2022, with no prior human or animal travel from endemic areas; that was the first time to document the cases and long‐term transmission in countries with no epidemiological ties to endemic African countries. Seven travel‐related human monkeypox cases were recorded outside of Africa from September 2018 to November 2021: one in Israel, one in Singapore, and two in the US Youth are most affected. Monkeypox's unanticipated development in places with no known epidemiological linkages raises concerns about the virus's evolution, which permits undetected transmission for a long period. Conclusion Monkeypox is no longer a rare, self‐limiting disease limited to endemic countries. Its ever‐changing epidemiology and transmission dynamics have increased the possibility of its evolving into a much deadlier pathogen. Therefore, improved surveillance and detailed case and contact investigation are required to comprehend the ever‐changing epidemiology of monkeypox.

Neurological manifestations of an emerging zoonosis—Human monkeypox virus: A systematic review

“…[17] Similarly, A selected number of antiviral agents, such as tecovirimat and brincidofovir are approved for treating complicated cases of monkeypox infection under randomized controlled trials or an Expanded Access for an Investigational New Drug protocol. [18] However, vaccinations and antivirals are not feasible in every settings and, currently, the majority of mild or uncomplicated monkeypox cases are taken care of with symptomatic treatment and optimizing supportive interventions. [18] Neurological manifestations of the disease can range from mild prodromal features like headache, myalgia, and fatigue to severe and life-threatening complications like coma.…”

“…[18] However, vaccinations and antivirals are not feasible in every settings and, currently, the majority of mild or uncomplicated monkeypox cases are taken care of with symptomatic treatment and optimizing supportive interventions. [18] Neurological manifestations of the disease can range from mild prodromal features like headache, myalgia, and fatigue to severe and life-threatening complications like coma. There are reported cases of not only patients requiring intensive care but loosing life because of neurological complications of the disease.…”

A Review on Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Non-Human Primates: Understanding the Potential Threats to Humans

“…Mpox is a global public health problem that affects not only African countries, such as Central and West African countries but also the entire world [ 10 , 37 ]. As the largest and most widespread mpox epidemic to date outside the African continent, the disease has gained the attention of international health organization [ 38 ].…”

Deep hybrid model for Mpox disease diagnosis from skin lesion images

“…Over the past two decades, the world has faced several significant viral disease outbreaks, including the devastating COVID‐19 pandemic that originated in 2019. The global community is still grappling with the aftermath of this novel coronavirus outbreak, 1 with recovery efforts ongoing. However, in 2022, a new threat emerged in the form of MPox, indicating the emergence of yet another worldwide virus 2 .…”