2021
DOI: 10.3390/su131810042
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Abstract: The growing demand for electrical energy and the impact of global warming leads to a paradigm shift in the power sector. This has led to the increased usage of renewable energy sources. Due to the intermittent nature of the renewable sources of energy, devices capable of storing electrical energy are required to increase its reliability. The most common means of storing electrical energy is battery systems. Battery usage is increasing in the modern days, since all mobile systems such as electric vehicles, smar… Show more

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Cited by 102 publications
(20 citation statements)
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References 101 publications
(175 reference statements)
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“…Depending on the level of accuracy and the physical insight desired, the methods in the literature for battery modeling and simulations can be classified as white, gray, and black box models . In white box models, the battery physics and electrochemistry are modeled in detail using nonlinear partial differential equations.…”
Section: Heat Generation In Batteriesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Depending on the level of accuracy and the physical insight desired, the methods in the literature for battery modeling and simulations can be classified as white, gray, and black box models . In white box models, the battery physics and electrochemistry are modeled in detail using nonlinear partial differential equations.…”
Section: Heat Generation In Batteriesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A wide variety of battery models have been proposed in the literature with different complexities and applications. These models can be classified in 4 categories [32] • Electrochemical models, which accurately describe electrochemical reactions that take place in the electrodes and the electrolyte [33]-Pseudo-Two-Dimensional model and Single Particle Model belong to this category; • Mathematical models, which are based on empirical equations or math-based stochastic models which only evaluate the charge-recovery effect and ignore all other factors. The number of equations is reduced and simplified compared to the electrochemical model [34]; • Circuit-oriented models, which are electrical-equivalent models or impedance models in which each component of the circuit is related to an electrochemical process of the battery to provide a good description of its internal behaviour [35]; • Combined models that consists of the combination of different electrical models and mathematical models in order to combine the best attributes of each model, such as the correct prediction of the battery lifetime, steady-state and transient responses, and accurate estimation of the state of charge [36].…”
Section: Application To Lithium-ion Cellmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As mentioned earlier, the road's load-resistive power can be evaluated based on the coastdown test results. The fitting process allows us to identify the coefficients of polynomial Equation ( 16), which models the resistive phenomena included in Equation (15). The resulting values of the coefficients are hereafter reported in Table 9, while the trend of the resistive power as a function of vehicle velocity is shown in Figure 15.…”
Section: Vehicle Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The levels of accuracy and the degree of complexity inversely decreases in support of computational cost saving. Amongst the electrical models, the equivalent circuit models (ECM) [15] proved to be suitably employed in a system-level perspective for investigating into the BMS controllers [16] thanks to its high accuracy and low computational cost. The present work relies on the Thevenin equivalent circuit description: Each battery cell is described by a second-order equivalent circuit model through a combination of resistors, capacitances and voltage source.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%