A Review of Weight Control Strategies and Their Effects on the Regulation of Hormonal Balance

Schwarz, Neil; Rigby, Brandon R; Bounty, Paul La; Shelmadine, Brian; Bowden, Rodney G.

doi:10.1155/2011/237932

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 172 publications

(267 reference statements)

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“…Epidemiological research shows more frequent meal intakes are associated with lower fasting blood glucose and insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides, and a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease [12,68]. Acute intervention studies have partially supported these findings ( Table 1), showing that division of a meal into smaller portions reduces the insulin excursion in response to each meal and overall [38,43,69], although one study did not detect a difference in the overall insulin AUC [43].…”

Section: Does Increased Meal Frequency Improve Glycaemic Control and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Hutchison

Heilbronn

2016

Biochimie

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Section: Does Increased Meal Frequency Improve Glycaemic Control and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Hutchison

Heilbronn

2016

Biochimie

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“…Most of them found that having three or fewer meals/day is associated with excessive abdominal fat, when compared with having more than three meals/day; however, this association can only be seen among men [64][65][66][67]. In general, increased eating frequency has been postulated to increase metabolism [69], appetite control, and food intake and to improve glucose and insulin control [70][71][72]. However, this association only among men could be due to the fact that men who have a high eating frequency also have a healthier lifestyle, including the practice of physical activity and healthier eating habits, which results in reduced body fat and WC [73].…”

Section: Eating Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity

Olinto¹,

Theodoro²,

Canuto³

2017

Adiposity - Epidemiology and Treatment Modalities

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Abdominal obesity (AO) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. AO is a multifactorial disorder arising from genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. Thus, in this chapter, we devote ourselves to the exercise of trying to explain the epidemiology of AO in adults. We showed the increasing prevalence of AO around the world, and a gender difference in this determination was observed. Among women, the population group who is the most affected by AO, a higher prevalence of AO is observed in individuals living in low-or middle-income countries (LMIC), who are older, multiparous, and in the menopausal transition, and who belong to the poorest strata and have lower educational level. While among men, the risk of AO is positively associated with socioeconomic status, particularly in LMIC. Regarding behavioral factors (eating frequency, sleep duration, physical activity, and smoking), gender differences are difficult to be detected due to the lack of studies investigating their association with AO according to sex. However, the current evidence suggests that men benefit more from consuming a greater number of meals a day and women are more affected by the harmful effects of physical inactivity. We argued AO, despite biological conditions associated with behavior factors, should be examined as an important issue of gender inequality in health, possibly mediated by socioeconomic and behavioral differences between men and women.

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“…Most studies on the relationship between food intake-regulating hormones and diet have focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in obesity and its related disorders in humans (Schwarz et al, 2011). In this study, the strongest correlation was found between the concentration of acyl-ghrelin and cortisol in both pregnant and lactating sows at 0 min.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Addition of crude glycerin to pig diets: sow and litter performance, and metabolic and feed intake regulating hormones

Hernández

Orengo

Villodre

2016

Animal

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The continued growth in biofuel production has led to a search for alternative value-added applications of its main by-product, crude glycerin. The surplus glycerin production and a higher cost of feedstuffs have increased the emphasis on evaluating its nutritive value for animal feeding. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the dietary addition of crude glycerin on sow and litter performance, and to determine the serum concentrations of hormones related to energy metabolism and feed intake in sows during gestation and lactation. A total of 63 sows were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments, containing 0, 3 or 6% crude glycerin (G0, G3 and G6, respectively) added to a barley-soybean meal-based diet. During gestation, none of the dietary treatments had an effect on performance, while during lactation, glycerin-fed sows consumed less feed than those fed the control diet (3.8 v. 4.2 kg DM/day; P = 0.007). Although lactating sows fed the G3 diet had a higher BW loss than those fed the control diet (−20.6 v. −8.7 kg; P = 0.002), this difference was not reflected in litter performance. In gestation, the inclusion of glycerin did not affect blood concentrations of insulin or cortisol. However, pregnant sows fed diets supplemented with glycerin showed lower concentrations of acyl-ghrelin and higher concentrations of leptin (−55 and +68%, respectively; P < 0.001). In lactating sows, there were no differences between dietary treatments for any of the hormones measured. Pre-prandial acyl-ghrelin concentrations were positively correlated with cortisol concentrations during gestation ( r = 0.81; P = 0.001) and lactation ( r = 0.61; P = 0.015). In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 6% crude glycerin did not affect the performance of sows during the gestation period; however it had a negative effect on the feed intake and weight loss of lactating sows. Moreover, further research is needed to elucidate the potential relationship between glycerin inclusion levels in the diet and the serum concentrations of hormones related to feed intake and energy balance control.Keywords: crude glycerin, feed intake, metabolic hormones, sow ImplicationsAccording to our results, crude glycerin up to 6% could be added to the diet from confirmation of pregnancy without affecting the performance of pregnant sows. Our results also suggest a relationship between the inclusion of glycerin in the diet and the serum concentrations of feed intake regulating hormones, such as acyl ghrelin and leptin; but more studies are needed to increase the understanding of interactions between diet composition and hormone concentration.

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A Review of Weight Control Strategies and Their Effects on the Regulation of Hormonal Balance

Cited by 42 publications

References 172 publications

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity

Addition of crude glycerin to pig diets: sow and litter performance, and metabolic and feed intake regulating hormones

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