A Review of the Progress of COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Abstract

A coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) is still a global problem with not sufficient evidence of a declining pattern caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is generally accepted that normal life is impeded by securing a reliable vaccine strategy. Many countries have accelerated the process of clinical trials to create effective treatment with COVID-19. More than 200 candidate vaccines have been started for SARS-CoV-2 testing. This review attempts to provide an overview of the currently emerging COVID-19 vaccine types, address the theoretical and practical challenges of vaccines for COVID-19 and discuss possible strategies to help vaccine design succeed. The first move was to take out papers using the initial keyword "pandemics, vaccines and vaccine types". A total of 63,538 results (including 1,200 journals; 16,875 books; and 12,871 web pages), with the initial keyword, searched for in the Scopus database. Further improvements were searched on keywords such as "pandemic and vaccine types" (711 newspapers and 5,053 webpages). This review attempts to overview the historical and important basic information about the pandemics viz. history, virological characteristics, structure, origin and physio-chemical properties. The second phase includes the vaccination types and strategies in depth. It includes the diagnosis, virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. The development, planning strategies, types, cost and current scenarios of COVID-19 vaccines are depicted in detail. The pandemic COVID-19 as it continues, is a global problem. Vaccination seems to be an efficient and economical way to mitigate and control the epidemic. This requires a mass production of successful COVID-19 vaccines.

Systematic Guidelines for Effective Utilization of COVID-19 Databases in Genomic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Research

“…During previous epidemics, organizations, such as the WHO gathered data on cases and deaths, improving the understanding of the pathogen’s infectivity and lethality. Information on vaccine development and vaccine doses helped governments keep track of vaccination progress within populations [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Recent advances in the vaccine development for the prophylaxis of SARS Covid-19

“…The research of a vaccine for Covid-19 is moving at a tremendous speed ( fig. 3 ) [43] , [44] . The discovery phase was avoided due to knowledge gathered from the initial development of vaccines for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [45] .…”

RNA enigma: “From origin of life to novel Coronavirus-COVID-19”

“…Human-human transmission has accelerated the spread of COVID-19 outbreak and its pandemic nature. The transmission of the virus, 2019-nCoV occurs primarily through the respiratory droplets produced during sneezing and coughing of infected person and further transmission occurs through close contact with infected individual (reviewed in Ullah et al, 2021 ). The transmission of these viruses from symptomatic and asymptomatic person is alike and it’s alarming that the spread is enhanced through close contact with asymptomatic person while symptomatic persons could have been identified and isolated but not the case with the former.…”