A review of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and airborne particulates and its use for virus spreading surveillance

SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste: A review about virus surveillance, infectivity, and inactivation

“…Infection with COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Researchers discovered that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of rapid human-to-human transmission ( Hui et al, 2020a , b ), primarily through direct contact or sneezing, coughing, or talking ( Anand et al, 2021a , b , c ). In this frame is important to remember that the possible sources of virus spread were also attributed to pollution ( Bontempi, 2020b ), meteorological ( Anand et al, 2021a , b , c ), and socio-economic factors (as for example trade exchanges ( Bontempi et al, 2021a ) ( Bontempi and Coccia, 2021 ).…”

“…Moreover, as it is a pandemic disease and a big population is affected, many countries are facing issues of insufficient testing capacities, inadequate hospitalization facilities, including beds, intensive care units (ICUs), doctors and medical staff ( Bontempi, 2021 ). One additional complication is that many asymptomatic cases are also reported ( Anand et al, 2021a , b , c ). The history of such pandemics reveals that monitoring sewage for traces of a pathogen provides a sensitive signal of the presence of the pathogen in entire communities and can also predict whether the transmission is increasing or declining ( Larsen and Wigginton, 2020 ).…”

Exploring the effects of PM2.5 and temperature on COVID-19 transmission in Seoul, South Korea

“…Numerous scholars have attempted to understand the COVID-19 infectious disease from various perspectives such as the socio-demography ( Sannigrahi et al, 2020 ), changes in air quality after lockdown ( Park et al, 2020 ; Shen et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2020 ), environmental conditions ( Bashir et al, 2020 ), air pollution ( Wu et al, 2020a ), spatial dependency ( Briz-Redón and Serrano-Aroca, 2020 ), and spatiotemporal correlation ( Elson et al, 2021 ; Sartorius et al, 2021 ), to name a few. In addition, significant effort has been devoted to investigating various facets of transmission dynamics of COVID-19, including human-to-human diffusion mechanism ( Anand, Cabreros, et al, 2021a , 2021b ; Bontempi, 2020a ), environment-to-human transmission ( Bashir et al, 2020 ; Coccia, 2020a ; Rahimi et al, 2021 ; Sarkodie and Owusu, 2020 ), and pollution-to-human transmission ( Domingo et al, 2020 ; Maleki et al, 2021 ). To account for human-to-human diffusion mechanism, some researchers have considered non-pharmaceutical behaviors and policy-based strategy such as restriction measures ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Coccia, 2021c ), while others have examined the role of socio-economic factors including commercial exchange ( Bontempi, 2020a ), GDP ( Coccia, 2021d ; Islam et al, 2021 ), and population density ( Diao et al, 2020 ; Coccia, 2021b ).…”

“…To account for human-to-human diffusion mechanism, some researchers have considered non-pharmaceutical behaviors and policy-based strategy such as restriction measures ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Coccia, 2021c ), while others have examined the role of socio-economic factors including commercial exchange ( Bontempi, 2020a ), GDP ( Coccia, 2021d ; Islam et al, 2021 ), and population density ( Diao et al, 2020 ; Coccia, 2021b ). Regarding environment-to-human as well as pollution-to-human transmission mechanisms, several researchers have studied the association between COVID-19 transmission and meteorological factors such as temperature ( Xie and Zhu, 2020 ; Islam et al, 2021 ), humidity ( Haque and Rahman, 2020 ; Diao et al, 2020 ), and wind speed ( Coccia, 2020a , 2020c , 2021b , 2020c ), and pollution factors including air pollutants ( Barakat et al, 2020 ; Copat et al, 2020 ; Hoang et al, 2021 ) and wastewater ( Anand, Cabreros, et al, 2021a , 2021b ; Rahimi et al, 2021 ). It is worth noting that, however, the mechanisms underlying the airborne transport of COVID-19 have not been fully elucidated.…”

Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs

“…The current COVID-19 pandemic and the various implemented measures had offered the planet earth positive and negative impacts, which majorly relay back to the environmental compartments such as soil, water, and air while extending to the food and food materials ( Anand et al, 2021 ; Sarkar et al, 2021 ; Adelodun et al, 2021a , Adelodun et al, 2021b ; Núñez-Delgado, 2020 ; Rizou et al, 2020 ). For instance, the country-wide lockdown in different nations of the world has impacted greatly on the emission level and waste generations.…”