A Review of Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi and Related Organisms): Then, Now, and Tomorrow

Luce-Fedrow, Alison; Lehman, Marcie L.; Kelly, Daryl J.; Mullins, Kristin; Maina, Alice N.; Stewart, Richard L.; Ge, Hong; John, Heidi St.; Jiang, Ju; Richards, Allen L.

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3010008

Cited by 156 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…; Luce‐Fedrow et al . ), and Karp, Gilliam, Kawasaki, Kato, and TA716 have been reported in China (Kelly et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…; Luce‐Fedrow et al . ). In Korea, since the first reports of the United Nations Armed Forces from the Korean War in 1951, no cases were reported for over 30 years; then, since 1986, hundreds of new cases are reported per year (Chang ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…One to two billion people live in this region exposed to the risk of Tsutsugamushi disease, and there are approximately 1 million infected patients per year (Kelly et al 2009). There have also been suspected cases in parts of South America, Africa, and the Middle East, but these have been relatively minor (Kelly et al 2009;Xu et al 2017;Luce-Fedrow et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence rates of wild rodent hosts and chigger mites and the infection rate ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin the central region of South Korea from 2015 to 2018

Choi

Kim

et al. 2019

Entomological Research

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Outbreaks of vector‐borne diseases are dramatically increasing because of climate change, consequently increasing the importance of surveillance of endemic disease vectors. In this study, we surveyed chigger mites, vectors for Orientia tsutsugamushi—the bacteria that causes Tsutsugamushi disease—, and their rodent hosts in Gimcheon, central South Korea, in 2015–2018. A total of 225 rodents were collected, with trap rate and percentage of rodents infected by chigger mites of 9.8 and 72.4%, respectively. Six species of rodents from five genera were collected, the most common rodent being Apodemus agrarius (n = 153, infection rate = 90.8%). The highest number of rodents was collected in spring (trap rate = 10.3), but the rate of infected rodents was higher in fall (81.5%) than in spring (61.3%). Trap rate was highest for bank near waterway (17.9), but the chigger index (CI) was highest in hill (224.1). A total of 20,534 (CI 126.0) chigger mite individuals from 10 species and three genera were found on the collected rodents. The most common species was Leptotrombidium pallidum (n = 7,982, 83.6%, CI 49.0), followed by L. palpale and L. scutellare. Chigger mites were most frequent at banks near waterway (n = 11,093, CI 152.0) and hill (n = 2,017, CI 224.1). To detect O. tsutsugamushi in chigger mites, 450 pools of chigger mites (n = 10,991) were analyzed; 24 pools were positive—23 of A. agrarius, the most frequently collected species in South Korea, 1 of Micromys minutus—and the minimum positive rate (MPR) was 0.22. The detected strain types included Boryong (dominant in all years, seasons, and habitats), Jecheon, 07–489, and IIOC1202.

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“…; Luce‐Fedrow et al . ), and Karp, Gilliam, Kawasaki, Kato, and TA716 have been reported in China (Kelly et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Occurrence rates of wild rodent hosts and chigger mites and the infection rate ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin the central region of South Korea from 2015 to 2018

Choi

Kim

et al. 2019

Entomological Research

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“…; Luce‐Fedrow et al . ). Approximately one million cases of tsutsugamushi disease are reported yearly in this area and over one billion people are at risk worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Three‐year surveillance (2016–2018) of chigger mites vector for tsutsugamushi disease in the Hwaseong‐Si area of Gyeonggi‐Do, Republic of Korea

Jun

Jegal²,

Kim-Jeon³

et al. 2019

Entomological Research

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Owing to climate change, the global resurgence of vector‐borne infectious diseases has emerged as a critical public health issue. Orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiological agent of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) a mite‐borne acute febrile disease occurring in the Asia‐Pacific region. We investigated the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mite vectors living on rodents. Using sticky‐type chigger traps for three months during 2016–2018, 1,057 chigger mites were collected (chigger mite index, 1.31) from four locations in the Hwaseong‐si area of Gyeonggi‐do, Republic of Korea. Five species distributed among three genera were identified. In addition, 94 rodents were captured (collection rate: 7.83%) using Sherman live traps over the course of three months (April, October, and November) during 2016–2017. Three rodent species were captured and identified and the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) was the dominant rodent host species in the surveyed area. A total of 10,469 ectoparasitic chigger mites were recovered from the 94 rodents, from which 13 species distributed among four genera were identified. Of the 5,250 chigger mites examined, Leptotrombidium pallidum was most abundant (n = 2,558), followed by L. orientale, L. scutellare, L. zetum, Euschoengastia koreaensis, L. subintermedium, and Neotrombicula tamiyai. Of the examined chigger mites, no groups recovered from rodent hosts tested positive for O. tsutsugamushi. This study provides fundamental regional information on vector‐borne disease data collection in the Hwaseong‐si area, Gyeonggi‐do, and will further contribute to formulating disease control and prevention strategies.

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“…Scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected larval trombiculid mites . The illness is endemic primarily in countries of the Asia Pacific rim and islands of the Western Pacific, including Japan .…”

Section: Anti‐orientia Tsutsugamushi Antibody Titers Obtained By Immumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scrub typhus caused by Shimokoshi type Orientia tsutsugamushi showing variant 56‐kDa type‐specific antigen gene sequence in Tohoku region, Japan

Seto

Tanaka

Murakata

et al. 2019

Microbiology and Immunology

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In 2018, a patient was diagnosed with Shimokoshi type scrub typhus in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. The causative pathogen was likely a variant type because 43 (8.3%) of 521 deduced amino acid sequences of the 56‐kDa type‐specific antigen (TSA) were different from those of the Shimokoshi prototype strain. The patient's paired sera showed low antibody titers against the Shimokoshi prototype strain. Two cases of scrub typhus reported in the Tohoku region during 2011–2012 also involved the same 56‐kDa TSA gene sequence. These findings suggest the presence of diversity in Shimokoshi type Orientia tsutsugamushi, which may impede the laboratory diagnosis of scrub typhus.

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A Review of Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi and Related Organisms): Then, Now, and Tomorrow

Cited by 156 publications

References 197 publications

Occurrence rates of wild rodent hosts and chigger mites and the infection rate ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin the central region of South Korea from 2015 to 2018

Occurrence rates of wild rodent hosts and chigger mites and the infection rate ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin the central region of South Korea from 2015 to 2018

Three‐year surveillance (2016–2018) of chigger mites vector for tsutsugamushi disease in the Hwaseong‐Si area of Gyeonggi‐Do, Republic of Korea

Scrub typhus caused by Shimokoshi type Orientia tsutsugamushi showing variant 56‐kDa type‐specific antigen gene sequence in Tohoku region, Japan

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