“…Introduced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004, the adoption of PAT is part of a scientific risk-based framework intended to support innovation and efficiency in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance (FDA, 2004). A PAT framework consists of designing and developing continuous monitoring and control strategies to understand and improve the CQAs of pharmaceutical products through inline, online or at-line measurements (Fonteyne et al, 2012;Laske et al, 2017;Wahl et al, 2013). It must be emphasised, however, the concepts and implementation of PAT and QbD framework is not new as process analysis and control have been widely adopted in many other industries (oil refinery, food, plastic and semiconductor).…”