A Review of Optimal Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Pricing Schemes in the Distribution Charging Network

Abstract

This study summarizes a critical review on EVs’ optimal charging and scheduling under dynamic pricing schemes. A detailed comparison of these schemes, namely, Real Time Pricing (RTP), Time of Use (ToU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Peak Time Rebates (PTR), is presented. Globally, the intention is to reduce the carbon emissions (CO2) has motivated the extensive practice of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The uncoordinated charging and uncontrolled integration however of EVs to the distribution network deteriorates the system performance in terms of power quality issues. Therefore, the EVs’ charging activity can be coordinated by dynamic electricity pricing, which can influence the charging activities of the EVs customers by offering flexible pricing at different demands. Recently, with developments in technology and control schemes, the RTP scheme offers more promise compared to the other types of tariff because of the greater flexibility for EVs’ customers to adjust their demands. It however involves higher degree of billing instability, which may influence the customer’s confidence. In addition, the RTP scheme needs a robust intelligent automation system to improve the customer’s feedback to time varying prices. In addition, the review covers the main optimization methods employed in a dynamic pricing environment to achieve objectives such as power loss and electricity cost minimization, peak load reduction, voltage regulation, distribution infrastructure overloading minimization, etc.

On–Off Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Charging in Two-Links Charging Stations Using Binary Optimization Approaches

“…There are many approaches and computational strategies for this problem, which are conditioned with a variety of charging station configurations, characteristics, and coordination objectives. A survey of recent trends in EV charging strategies and related optimization techniques can be observed in [6][7][8][9].…”

“…Considering the constraints in ( 4), ( 5), (7), and ( 9), the scheduling problem can be formulated as the following constrained optimization problem:…”

Vehicle-to-Water (V2W) Concept for Disaster Relief to Ensure Safe Access to Freshwater and Electricity—A Proposed System Where Electric Vehicles Power the Desalination Process

“…Other related concepts previously presented, including discharge of electricity from the EV battery, are vehicle-to-subway (V2S) [30], vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) or, at large scale, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) [31]. While EVs could be charged from the main electric grid [32], the literature also suggests charging from off-grid solutions, including, for example, parking lots with EV charging utilizing photovoltaics (PV) [33]. The new EVs with discharging capabilities and opportunities for charging with only RES open to innovative, flexible, and mobile technical systems that could support society in several ways.…”

A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

“…V2G technology has been widely concerned by experts and scholars all over the world, and has achieved a series of results which mainly focus on scheduled charging and discharging [3][4][5][6], bidirectional converter [7][8][9], power energy management system [10,11], battery lifecycle [12], modeling approaches [13], energy storage systems [14] and so on. It is pointed out in [15] that a large amount of energy storage needs to consider the fast-dynamic response of power demand and a modular method is given.…”