A review of numerical models of airflow in refrigerated food applications

Smale, Nicholas; Moureh, Jean; Cortella, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.03.019

Cited by 145 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This is rather surprising as huge amounts of perishable foods are transported overseas, where refrigerated containers have almost fully replaced bulk reefer vessels in the past decade (Arduino et al, 2013;Fitzgerald et al, 2011). Most container cooling studies relied on basic calculations or experiments Hoang et al, 2012;Jedermann et al, 2013;Jiménez-Ariza et al, 2014;Rodríguez-Bermejo et al, 2007;Smale et al, 2006;Tanner and Amos, 2003) and, to the best of our knowledge, only very few dealt with ambient loading Jedermann et al, 2014Jedermann et al, , 2013. In particular, fullscale container experiments are expensive and time-consuming and only allow for a rather limited number of Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., , Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics, Postharvest Biology and Technology 108,[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.06.004 5 measuring points (~ 10 -100 sensors), compared to the amount of fruit in the container (~ 10 5 individual fruit), which inhibits an in-depth parametric evaluation of the factors influencing the cooling process.…”

Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these questions regarding produce cooling behaviour in refrigerated containers, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a more appropriate tool and nicely complements basic calculations and experiments. CFD has been applied extensively within a FAC context Dehghannya et al, 2012Dehghannya et al, , 2011Dehghannya et al, , 2010Delele et al, 2013aDelele et al, , 2013bFerrua and Singh, 2011, 2009a, 2009bSmale et al, 2006;Verboven et al, 2006;Zou et al, 2006aZou et al, , 2006b, but only to a very limited extent for cooling during transport (James et al, 2006;Moureh and Flick, 2004;Moureh et al, 2009Moureh et al, , 2002Tapsoba et al, 2007Tapsoba et al, , 2006, predominantly for refrigerated vehicles.…”

Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, CFD has been extensively applied to model fluid flow for several food processing applications Norton and Sun, 2006;Norton et al, 2013;Smale et al, 2006;Verboven et al, 2006;Xia and Sun, 2002). The accuracy of CFD simulations depends to a large extent on the turbulence-modelling and boundarylayer modelling approaches that are used.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Defraeye

Cronjé

Verboven

et al. 2015

Postharvest Biology and Technology

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Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., , Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics, Postharvest Biology and Technology 108, 91-101. AbstractA promising cold-chain protocol is explored as an alternative to the commonly-used forced-air pre-cooling (FAC) of citrus fruit prior to shipping: ambient loading of fruit in reefer containers for cooling during long-haul marine transport. Despite the multiple logistical and economical savings it provides, the potential of "ambient loading" of fruit in reefer containers has been left largely unexplored. The present study targets this aspect, but also cooling by vertical airflow in general. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to identify differences in cooling rate and uniformity between individual boxes at different heights on a pallet and between individual fruit within a single box. Simulations show that low airflow rates, typical for refrigerated containers, do not only induce slower fruit cooling, compared to FAC airflow rates, but also the cooling heterogeneity between different layers of boxes (in height) and between individual fruit in a single box is larger. In addition, the presence of gaps between pallets invokes airflow short-circuiting, leading to highly reduced fruit cooling rates. Finally, strategies for future improvement of the ambient loading protocol are proposed, which in the first place should target faster and more uniform cooling. Keywordscomputational fluid dynamics; package design; cold chain; airflow short-circuits; vent holes; convective transfer Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., , Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics, Postharvest Biology and Technology 108, 91-101.http://dx

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Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Defraeye

Cronjé

Verboven

et al. 2015

Postharvest Biology and Technology

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“…This included both experimental studies and modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics [18,19,20]. The majority of these studies have been carried out on specific cabinets and the results have not been generalised, even though some generic principles have been established.…”

Section: Refrigerated Display Cabinetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy consumption and conservation in food retailing

Tassou¹,

Ge²,

Hadawey³

et al. 2011

Applied Thermal Engineering

200

111

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The total annual CO 2 emissions associated with the energy consumption of the major retail food outlets in the UK amount to around 4.0 MtCO 2 . The energy consumption and emissions from supermarkets varies widely and can depend on many factors such as the type and size of the store, business and merchandising practices and refrigeration and environmental control systems used.This paper provides energy consumption data of a sample of 2570 retail food stores from a number of major retail food chains in the UK. The sample covers all major store categories from convenience stores to hypermarkets and includes approximately 30% of the total number of stores in the UK having a net sales area more than 280 m 2 . The data show a wide variability of energy intensity even within stores of the same retail chain. A power law can be used to describe the variation of the average electrical energy intensity of the stores in the sample with sales area. If the electrical intensity of the stores above the average is reduced to the average by energy conservation measures, annual energy savings of the order of 10% or 840 GWh can be achieved representing 355,000 tonnes annual reduction in CO 2 emissions. The paper also discusses the major energy consuming processes in retail food stores and identifies opportunities for energy savings.

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“…The refrigerant flow rate, condenser capacity, compressor work and COP are determined by using Eqs. (10) to. (13), respectively, and they are shown in Table 5.…”

Section: Fig 2 the Ideal Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Refrigerant Type and Insulation Thickness on Refrigeration Systems of Land and Sea Vehicles

Dalkılıç

Çelen

Çebi

2016

Stroj. vest. - Jour. Mech. Eng.

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252 INTRODUCTIONVehicles are commonly used in today's world in order to keep up the quality and increase the shelf life of fresh, perishable and frozen products during transportation. In this refrigeration process, the most important thing is to keep the temperature at the point where metabolic and microbial decompositions are minimized. In other words, designers design for freezing temperatures, which hinder the growth of bacteria. Moreover, designers should pay attention to the details that are necessary during the refrigeration process's design. For instance, which compressor and condenser are correct and convenient for the cold room system should be known. Additionally, efficient cold-storage space, its location with regard to transportation time from the cold room to the market area, product types stored together at the same time, building materials and seasonal temperature changes of the location should be taken into consideration.Moureh et al.[1] aimed to reduce the temperature differences throughout palletized cargos of perishable products kept in refrigerated vehicles. For this purpose, temperature and ventilation homogeneities were characterized by using air duct systems. Numerical and experimental studies were conducted in order to investigate airflow patterns and temperature levels within a typical loaded vehicle with and without a duct air supply system. The results revealed the importance of air ducts in decreasing temperature differences throughout the cargo.Tso et al.[2] investigated the usage of an air curtain instead of plasticone in the refrigerated truck application. The usage of a plastic strip curtain can be dangerous because of its design for workers during loading and unloading of products. Experimental results showed that the air curtain, having available volume flow rate and velocity, can block the heat transfer through the door. Further, the infiltration heat load can be reduced 11 % by using an air curtain instead of a plastic strip one.Hoang et al.[3] modeled heat transfer in a refrigerated vehicle. In the study, they investigated the heterogeneity of product temperature in different loads by considering generally near the rear and front. As a result of their study, CPU computing time was found to be less than 1 min instead of 60h for the same configuration (Moureh et al. [4]). Thus, input parameters could be evaluated rapidly, such as external temperature, door openings, wall insulation, Effect of Refrigerant Type and Insulation Thickness on Refrigeration Systems of Land and Sea Vehicles

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A review of numerical models of airflow in refrigerated food applications

Cited by 145 publications

References 61 publications

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Energy consumption and conservation in food retailing

Effect of Refrigerant Type and Insulation Thickness on Refrigeration Systems of Land and Sea Vehicles

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