A Review of Nonimaging Stand-Off Concealed Threat Detection with Millimeter-Wave Radar [Application Notes]

Harmer, Stuart; Bowring, Nicholas; Andrews, David; Rezgui, Nacer Ddine; Southgate, Matthew; Smith, Sarah E.

doi:10.1109/mmm.2011.2174125

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The millimeter-wave (MMW) band is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the microwave and terahertz bands, covering the frequency ranges (30-300) GHz [3,4]. With a high atmospheric transmission and little attenuation through textile materials and clothing, images can be formed of objects on persons concealed on or under their clothing [5] with high detection probability; a capability which is driving the developments of this security screening technology [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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“…There are several systems, in production or under development, that use non-imaging techniques to detect concealed threats carried on the human body [9]- [15]. The system developed by the authors at Manchester Metropolitan University [9], [16]- [22], Millimetre Radar Threat Level Evaluation (MiRTLE) analyzes the scattered depth domain waveforms [23] in two, orthogonally polarized channels, to determine the likely nature of the target; see Fig. 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Active Millimeter Wave Sensor for Standoff Concealed Threat Detection

et al. 2013

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We present a millimeter radar for threat level evaluation developed for the detection concealed threats, such as guns and person borne improvised explosive devices (PBIED). The system uses a Gaussian optic lens antenna to achieve standoff ranges up to 25 m. Ultra-wideband swept frequency radar, using direct detection receivers, is implemented to achieve short radar range resolution (< 10 mm). The system is capable of detecting a wide range of objects positioned in front of the body by interpretation of the scattered waveform. Threat detection is rendered autonomously by a neural network that processes the scattered polarimetric, depth domain radar waveforms. The system may be configured to alarm or reject certain classes of objects, allowing for the detection of specific or broad spectrum threats. The radar system is portable and manually steered by the operator to enable standoff monitoring of walking human targets in real time. A video feed provides the operator with a wide field of view that allows tracking of persons and greatly facilitates aiming of the sensor. Rapid (1 ms) radar sweep times and fast signal acquisition and processing are implemented to provide threat detection at video frame rates (30 fps). Performance parameters for the detection of hand-guns and simulated PBIED are presented for ranges up to 25 m.

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“…Such an application might well use the polarimetric capability of the antenna array; making use of the characteristic polarization effects of people and vehicles. A similar approach may also be used for concealed weapons detection at high security sites where the antenna array could be unobtrusively mounted and electronically steered to interrogate people in unstructured crowds [5].…”

Section: Phasor Solutions Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

A cost-effective modular phased array

Mayo¹,

Harmer

2013

2013 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology

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The authors discuss a phased array antenna design consisting of multiple, modular, flat panels the number of which is determined by specific application requirements. Each panel has 512 antenna elements which are driven by their own Application Specific Integrated Circuits, in order to control the signal phase needed for electronic beam steering. Furthermore, the antenna elements can transmit (or receive) in orthogonal polarisation states. In the first embodiment, Ku-band microwave signals (receive over 10.95-12.75 GHz and transmit over 14.0 -14.5 GHz) are phase-aligned, down converted to baseband and summed, permitting the receiver and the digital control circuitry to be fabricated on one low-cost SiGe ASIC. It is envisaged that this approach will be a cost-effective alternative to mechanically steered dish antennas for radar, satellite communication and point to point communications, while bearing the advantages of flat or conformal structure and no moving parts.

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A Review of Nonimaging Stand-Off Concealed Threat Detection with Millimeter-Wave Radar [Application Notes]

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Active Millimeter Wave Sensor for Standoff Concealed Threat Detection

A cost-effective modular phased array

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