A review of ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) soft tissues with implications for life reconstructions

Eriksson, Mats E.; Garza, Randolph Glenn De La; Horn, Esben

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103965

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…With time, public sculpture can express the human spirit in different forms, convey the language of the soul, and reflect the history and future of the city (Eriksson et al, 2022). Using virtual 3D reconstruction technology to study the interaction between public sculpture and urban space enables society to recognize and be satisfied with the interaction between them.…”

Section: Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Based on 3D Virtual Reconstruction of Modern City Landscape Sculpture Planning Design

2024

EAI Endorsed Trans Energy Web

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INTRODUCTION: With the continuous advancement of urbanization, urban landscape sculpture plays an increasingly important role in modern urban planning. Traditional planning and design methods make it challenging to demonstrate the three-dimensional sense and artistry of sculpture fully; therefore, this study explores a new method of planning and designing modern urban landscape sculpture based on three-dimensional virtual reconstruction.OBJECTIVES: This study aims to enhance the three-dimensional sense and artistry of urban landscape sculpture planning and design through three-dimensional virtual reconstruction technology to meet the needs of modern urban development better. By using advanced technical means, the planning and design can be made more intuitive and specific and provide urban residents with a more artistic public space.METHODS: The study adopts advanced three-dimensional virtual reconstruction technology, combined with urban planning and design theory, to plan and design modern urban landscape sculpture. Firstly, relevant literature on urban planning and sculpture design is collected to understand the existing design concepts and technical means. Secondly, a detailed virtual reconstruction of the sculpture is carried out by using three-dimensional modeling software to show the three-dimensional effect of the sculpture. Finally, the design scheme is optimized and improved through fieldwork and expert review.RESULTS: Through three-dimensional virtual reconstruction technology, this study successfully shows the whole picture of modern urban landscape sculpture. The design scheme not only has a three-dimensional sense but it has also been improved in artistry. The results of fieldwork and expert evaluation show that the new design scheme is more in line with the needs of urban development and adds a unique artistic atmosphere to the urban space.CONCLUSION: This study has achieved positive results in the field of modern urban landscape sculpture planning and design through 3D virtual reconstruction technology. The new design method not only provides a more specific tool for urban planners but also creates a more creative and artistic public space for urban residents. In the future, the application of this method in different urban contexts can be further explored and expanded to inject more innovation and vitality into urban planning and sculpture design.

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Section: Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Based on 3D Virtual Reconstruction of Modern City Landscape Sculpture Planning Design

2024

EAI Endorsed Trans Energy Web

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“…The cell-like structures interpreted as RBCs are ~20% the size of modern mammal RBCs, and their small size was explained as an evolutionary adaptation to low atmospheric oxygen levels during the Jurassic period. However, several arguments against the interpretation of these structures as ichthyosaur RBCs have been put forth: some have noted that extant reptile RBCs are considerably larger than those of mammals, and therefore much bigger than the supposed ichthyosaur RBCs ( Eriksson et al, 2022 ; Senter, 2022 ); others have observed that reptilian RBCs are nucleated, unlike non-nucleated mammalian RBCs ( Eriksson et al, 2022 ); and still others have posited that small RBCs could be inconsistent with the pelagic, deep-diving lifestyle inferred for ichthyosaurs, a lifestyle normally accompanied by an increase in RBC size ( Sander, 2021 ; Sander and Wintrich, 2021 ). The cell-like structures described by Plet et al (2017) have alternatively been linked to degraded, collagen-rich connective tissue ( Senter, 2022 ), although their true identity remains an open question and therefore requires further research.…”

Section: Exceptionally Preserved Fossils In Concretions Through Space...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbially mediated fossil concretions and their characterization by the latest methodologies: a review

Dhami,

Greenwood,

Poropat

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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The study of well-preserved organic matter (OM) within mineral concretions has provided key insights into depositional and environmental conditions in deep time. Concretions of varied compositions, including carbonate, phosphate, and iron-based minerals, have been found to host exceptionally preserved fossils. Organic geochemical characterization of concretion-encapsulated OM promises valuable new information of fossil preservation, paleoenvironments, and even direct taxonomic information to further illuminate the evolutionary dynamics of our planet and its biota. Full exploitation of this largely untapped geochemical archive, however, requires a sophisticated understanding of the prevalence, formation controls and OM sequestration properties of mineral concretions. Past research has led to the proposal of different models of concretion formation and OM preservation. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms and controls on OM preservation in concretions remain poorly understood. Here we provide a detailed review of the main types of concretions and formation pathways with a focus on the role of microbes and their metabolic activities. In addition, we provide a comprehensive account of organic geochemical, and complimentary inorganic geochemical, morphological, microbial and paleontological, analytical methods, including recent advancements, relevant to the characterization of concretions and sequestered OM. The application and outcome of several early organic geochemical studies of concretion-impregnated OM are included to demonstrate how this underexploited geo-biological record can provide new insights into the Earth’s evolutionary record. This paper also attempts to shed light on the current status of this research and major challenges that lie ahead in the further application of geo-paleo-microbial and organic geochemical research of concretions and their host fossils. Recent efforts to bridge the knowledge and communication gaps in this multidisciplinary research area are also discussed, with particular emphasis on research with significance for interpreting the molecular record in extraordinarily preserved fossils.

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“…For example, Owen [ 25 ] examined several specimens that showed a distinct downward bend in the vertebral column, but concluded that the bend was a post-mortem effect, caused by the ligaments of a fin attached to a straight vertebral column. In fact, nineteenth-century reconstructions of ichthyosaurs showed a straight tail [ 26 ]. This interpretation persisted until the late 1800s, when skin impressions of a heterocercal caudal fin were found on specimens from southern Germany [ 27 , pp.…”

Section: Description Of Specimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rediscovery of two casts of the historically important ‘Proteo-saurus’, the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton

Lomax

Massare

2022

R. Soc. open sci.

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The first complete ichthyosaur skeleton was introduced to the scientific community in 1819 by Sir Everard Home, and given the name Proteosaurus , although the name was subsequently replaced by ‘ Ichthyosaurus ’. The skeleton is from Lyme Regis and was probably collected by Mary Anning as it was in the collection of Colonel Birch. The specimen ultimately ended up in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, where it was destroyed in a bombing raid during World War II. We have discovered two plaster casts of the specimen, although no record exists of casts ever being made. The casts are at the Peabody Museum, Yale University, USA and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. Significantly, these verify the accuracy of the published drawing of the specimen, and clarify morphologies of some of the bones. Discrepancies between the drawing and the casts are mainly in the details of the forefins and hindfins. The specimen can be assigned to Ichthyosaurus , but the species cannot be determined. This case illustrates the importance of old casts in museum collections. Additional, yet unrecognized casts of this specimen might exist in the UK or elsewhere.

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A review of ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) soft tissues with implications for life reconstructions

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

Based on 3D Virtual Reconstruction of Modern City Landscape Sculpture Planning Design

Based on 3D Virtual Reconstruction of Modern City Landscape Sculpture Planning Design

Microbially mediated fossil concretions and their characterization by the latest methodologies: a review

Rediscovery of two casts of the historically important ‘Proteo-saurus’, the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton

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