A Review of Carrageenan as a Polymer Electrolyte in Energy Resource Applications

Zakaria, Zulfirdaus; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom; Osman, Siti Hasanah; Mohamad, Ahmad Azmin; Razali, Halim

doi:10.1007/s10924-023-02903-0

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…κ-carrageenan is already being used in different industries on relatively large scales; however, it is hydrophilic and has low mechanical properties, making its use as polymer electrolyte challenging [ 136 ]. Nevertheless, it is often investigated for different battery types.…”

Section: Algal Biopolymers For Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Joshi,

Langwald,

Ehrmann

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Algae-based biopolymers can be used in diverse energy-related applications, such as separators and polymer electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells and also as microalgal biofuel, which is regarded as a highly renewable energy source. For these purposes, different physical, thermochemical, and biochemical properties are necessary, which are discussed within this review, such as porosity, high temperature resistance, or good mechanical properties for batteries and high energy density and abundance of the base materials in case of biofuel, along with the environmental aspects of using algae-based biopolymers in these applications. On the other hand, bacterial biopolymers are also often used in batteries as bacterial cellulose separators or as biopolymer network binders, besides their potential use as polymer electrolytes. In addition, they are also regarded as potential sustainable biofuel producers and converters. This review aims at comparing biopolymers from both aforementioned sources for energy conversion and storage. Challenges regarding the production of algal biopolymers include low scalability and low cost-effectiveness, and for bacterial polymers, slow growth rates and non-optimal fermentation processes often cause challenges. On the other hand, environmental benefits in comparison with conventional polymers and the better biodegradability are large advantages of these biopolymers, which suggest further research to make their production more economical.

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Section: Algal Biopolymers For Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Joshi,

Langwald,

Ehrmann

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Carrageenan is a natural biopolymer derived from red algae and is a hydrophilic polysaccharide [17,18]. Carrageenan is a food-grade polymer commonly used in the food sector [19].…”

Section: Physicochemical and Structural Properties Of Carrageenanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress of Carrageenan-Based Composite Films in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications

Kokkuvayil Ramadas,

Rhim,

Roy

2024

Polymers

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Recently, as concerns about petrochemical-derived polymers increase, interest in biopolymer-based materials is increasing. Undoubtedly, biopolymers are a better alternative to solve the problem of synthetic polymer-based plastics for packaging purposes. There are various types of biopolymers in nature, and mostly polysaccharides are used in this regard. Carrageenan is a hydrophilic polysaccharide extracted from red algae and has recently attracted great interest in the development of food packaging films. Carrageenan is known for its excellent film-forming properties, high compatibility and good carrier properties. Carrageenan is readily available and low cost, making it a good candidate as a polymer matrix base material for active and intelligent food packaging films. The carrageenan-based packaging film lacks mechanical, barrier, and functional properties. Thus, the physical and functional properties of carrageenan-based films can be enhanced by blending this biopolymer with functional compounds and nanofillers. Various types of bioactive ingredients, such as nanoparticles, natural extracts, colorants, and essential oils, have been incorporated into the carrageenan-based film. Carrageenan-based functional packaging film was found to be useful for extending the shelf life of packaged foods and tracking spoilage. Recently, there has been plenty of research work published on the potential of carrageenan-based packaging film. Therefore, this review discusses recent advances in carrageenan-based films for applications in food packaging. The preparation and properties of carrageenan-based packaging films were discussed, as well as their application in real-time food packaging. The latest discussion on the potential of carrageenan as an alternative to traditionally used synthetic plastics may be helpful for further research in this field.

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“…Carrageenans are biopolymers derived from red seaweed that have multiple applications ranging from food, drug delivery, cosmetics, and tissue engineering . Recently, carrageenans have been increasingly explored as prospective polymer electrolytes for energy applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Novel Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Application as a Separator in a Dual Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

Surti,

Kailasa,

Mungray

2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The quest for developing sustainable energy devices has put microbial fuel cells (MFCs) at the forefront of research in recent years. However, the use of synthetic polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) such as Nafion is a compromise in the sustainability of this technology. A novel eco-friendly composite PEM has been developed using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and k-carrageenan (kC) as membrane precursors. Cation exchangers such as vermiculite and imidazole-grafted vermiculite were augmented to the base membrane PVA-kC for developing PEM, called VPC and IPC, respectively. The proton mass transfer of VPC and IPC increased by 57 and 38%, while their oxygen mass transfer decreased by 45 and 44%, respectively, with respect to PVA-kC. Double-chambered MFCs were deployed with the developed PEMs, namely, PVA-kC (PMFC), VPC (VMFC), IPC (IMFC), and commercial Nafion (NMFC), for synthetic wastewater treatment in the aerated cathode configuration and dye decolorization with a ferricyanide cathode. The highest power density of 182 mW•m −3 was obtained with VMFC, followed by IMFC (164 mW•m −3 ), NMFC (145 mW•m −3 ), and PMFC (128 mW•m −3 ), in the aerated cathode MFC. The decolorization percentage increased in the order of PMFC (49%) < NMFC (55%) < IMFC (58%) < VMFC (65%). The cation-exchanger-augmented PVA-kC membrane can be used as a suitable alternative to Nafion in MFCs.

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A Review of Carrageenan as a Polymer Electrolyte in Energy Resource Applications

Cited by 5 publications

References 124 publications

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers—A Review

Recent Progress of Carrageenan-Based Composite Films in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications

Development of a Novel Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Application as a Separator in a Dual Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

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