A review of carbon capture and utilisation as a CO2 abatement opportunity within the EWF nexus

Ghiat, Ikhlas; Al‐Ansari, Tareq

doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101432

Cited by 231 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…CO 2 can be procured either through purchasing commercial or industrial CO 2 or internally producing it using gas burners. This induces additional energy requirements and expenditures to greenhouse operations [32]. The effect of higher CO 2 concentrations has been witnessed in evapotranspiration reductions due to the shrinking of stomata openings in plant leaves which control gas exchange between the plant and atmosphere (i.e., water vapour and CO 2 ).…”

Section: The Role Of Evapotranspiration Measurement In Optimising the Energy Water And Food (Ewf) Nexusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications

Ghiat

Mackey

Al‐Ansari

2021

Water

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Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. This paper reviews the major mechanistic and empirical models for estimating evapotranspiration including the Penman–Monteith, Stanghellini, Priestly–Taylor, and Hargreaves and Samani models. Moreover, the major differences between the models and their underlined assumptions are discussed. The application of these models is also reviewed for both open and closed field mediums and limitations of each model are highlighted. The main parameters affecting evapotranspiration rates in greenhouse settings including aerodynamic resistance, stomatal resistance and intercepted radiation are thoroughly discussed for accurate measurement and consideration in evapotranspiration models. Moreover, this review discusses direct evapotranspiration measurements systems such as eddy covariance and gas exchange systems. Other direct measurements appertaining to specific parameters such as leaf area index and surface leaf temperature and indirect measurements such as remote sensing are also presented, which can be integrated into evapotranspiration models for adaptation depending on climate and physiological characteristics of the growing medium. This review offers important directions for the estimation of evapotranspiration rates depending on the agricultural setting and the available climatological and physiological data, in addition to experimentally based adaptation processes for ET models. It also discusses how accurate evapotranspiration measurements can optimise the energy, water and food nexus.

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Section: The Role Of Evapotranspiration Measurement In Optimising the Energy Water And Food (Ewf) Nexusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications

Ghiat

Mackey

Al‐Ansari

2021

Water

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“…The use of carbon dioxide in these technologies reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 13% when compared to use in energy, fuel, and industrial conversion, as demonstrated in Figure 14. The production of chemicals, cement, and steel accounts for 60% of the total industry sector's production [117]. There are several uses of carbon dioxide in food production, one of which is as a coolant to preserve food and drinks, while another is the production of dry ice, which has a greater cooling capacity than water ice [120].…”

Section: The Application That Involves Co 2 and Its Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2 shows the amount of carbon dioxide consumed in producing some chemicals, along with their economic cost. The urea industry is the largest consumer of carbon dioxide in chemical production, consuming 130 gigatons of a total of 230 megatons of carbon dioxide per year [117]. Carbon dioxide reacts with ammonia at temperatures between 185 and 195 • C, to produce urea, which is distinguished as an agricultural fertiliser involved in the creation of some medicines and chemicals [118].…”

Section: The Application That Involves Co 2 and Its Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Carbon Economy (CCE): A Way to Invest CO2 and Protect the Environment, a Review

et al. 2021

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Increased levels of carbon dioxide have revolutionised the Earth; higher temperatures, melting icecaps, and flooding are now more prevalent. Fortunately, renewable energy mitigates this problem by making up 20% of human energy needs. However, from a “green environment” perspective, can carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere be reduced and eliminated? The carbon economic circle is an ideal solution to this problem, as it enables us to store, use, and remove carbon dioxide. This research introduces the circular carbon economy (CCE) and addresses its economic importance. Additionally, the paper discusses carbon capture and storage (CCS), and the utilisation of CO2. Furthermore, it explains current technologies and their future applications on environmental impact, CO2 capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS). Various opinions on the best way to achieve zero carbon emissions and on CO2 applications and their economic impact are also discussed. The circular carbon economy can be achieved through a highly transparent global administration that is supportive of advanced technologies that contribute to the efficient utilisation of energy sources. This global administration must also provide facilities to modernise and develop factories and power stations, based on emission-reducing technologies. Monitoring emissions in countries through a global monitoring network system, based on actual field measurements, linked to a worldwide database allows all stakeholders to track the change in greenhouse gas emissions. The process of sequestering carbon dioxide in the ocean is affected by the support for technologies and industries that adopt the principle of carbon recycling in order to maintain the balance. This includes supporting initiatives that contribute to increasing vegetation cover and preserving oceans from pollutants, especially chemicals and radioactive pollutants, which will undoubtedly affect the process of sequestering carbon dioxide in the oceans, and this will contribute significantly to maintaining carbon dioxide at acceptable levels.

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“…[1][2][3] In order to meet CO 2 emission reduction targets, several strategies have been sought to capture CO 2 directly from different sources, in particular carbon capture and storage (CCS). [4] Nevertheless, the processes associated to this approach are highly energy intensive and less economically viable compared with CO 2 capture and utilization (CCU), [5] which focusses on the chemical transformation of CO 2 and its utilization as a carbon source for the production of fuels and commodity chemicals. [6][7][8] Therefore, a viable strategy to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere is to convert the gas via chemical processes to useful chemicals [9,10] or polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

et al. 2021

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In this mini review, we highlight some key work from the last 2 years where ionic polymers have been used as a catalyst to convert CO 2 into cyclic carbonates. Emerging ionic polymers reported for this catalytic application include materials such as poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) or ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) among others. All these organic materials share in common the ionic moiety cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, viologen, ammonium, phosphonium, and guanidinium, and anions such as halides, [BF 4 ] -, [PF 6 ] -, and [Tf 2 N] -. The mechanistic aspects and efficiency of the CO 2 conversion reaction and the polymer design including functional groups and porosity are discussed in detail. This review should provide valuable information for researchers to design new polymers for important catalysis applications.

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A review of carbon capture and utilisation as a CO2 abatement opportunity within the EWF nexus

Cited by 231 publications

References 80 publications

A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications

A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications

Circular Carbon Economy (CCE): A Way to Invest CO2 and Protect the Environment, a Review

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

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