A Review of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults

McVeigh, Una Mary; Tepper, J.; McVeigh, Terri P

doi:10.3390/cancers13215552

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 268 publications

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“…Te main risk factors for breast cancer in women include a personal or family history of the disease, certain inherited genetic variations, and biopsy-confrmed hyperplasia. Little tumors are more likely to be in the early stages of the disease since breast cancer is a progressive illness and early discovery improves treatment outcomes and prognosis [2] (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment Tool of Breast Cancer and Barriers against Breast Self-Examination among Nurses: An Educational Program

Ahmed,

Hossny,

Mohammed

et al. 2024

Nursing Forum

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Purpose. Breast cancer is considered a huge health problem among women all over the world due to its increased mortality rate. Breast cancer deaths are decreased by 28–34% due to improvement in treatment and early detection. In order to detect breast cancer early and provide the best possible therapy, knowledge and awareness are essential. So, this study aimed to assess risk of breast cancer among nurses, the knowledge and practices of breast self-examination (BSE) and determine its barriers, and implement an educational program for them. Design. A quasiexperimental research design was used. Methods. This study was conducted at two university hospitals (main university hospital and woman’s health hospital). A purposive sample of 280 nurses with age more than thirty-five years were included in the study using three tools, namely, structure interview questionnaire, breast cancer risk assessment tool, and a structured breast cancer knowledge and practice questionnaire. Nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding breast cancer and BSE were first assessed and then they were provided with two educational courses covering theoretical and practical information. One month after the program ended, the nurses’ knowledge and practices were assessed again. Results. About 3.2% of the participants have five years high risk of developing breast cancer according the risk assessment tool, the main barriers of do not do BSE did not find any symptoms and scared from finding any abnormality. There was a significant increase in knowledge and practice of breast self-examination posteducation compared to pre-education (73.2 and 98.2%, respectively). Also, there was a statistically significant difference between pre- and postprogram with a p value of 0.0001. Conclusion. This study concluded that 3.2% of the nurses with high risk of developing breast cancer needed a follow-up; more than half of them do not perform breast self-examination because they think that do not have any symptoms in the breast and the educational program with a significant effect on knowledge and practices of nurses. So, the researchers recommend the nurses need for an empowerment program and support by providing assistance in places of work as done free clinical examination and mammography by female specialist for privacy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment Tool of Breast Cancer and Barriers against Breast Self-Examination among Nurses: An Educational Program

Ahmed,

Hossny,

Mohammed

et al. 2024

Nursing Forum

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“…The etiology of breast cancer is complex, and its exact pathophysiological pathways are still under elucidation. Generally, breast cancer susceptibility is associated with lifestyle/modifiable (including diet, physical activity, smoking and alcohol status, exogenous hormone exposure) and personal/nonmodifiable (including genetic background, age at menarche and menopause, breast density) factors [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional Clinicopathological Biomarkers Still Determine Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Invasive Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study

Wrzeszcz,

Kwiatkowska,

Rhone

et al. 2024

JCM

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Background: Molecular classification, tumor diameter, Ki67 expression, and brachytherapy administration still act as the most potent potential predictors of breast cancer recurrence and overall survival. Methods: Over the period of 23 months, we included in the study 92 invasive breast cancer (IBrC) patients initially diagnosed at the Clinical Ward of Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Poland. The probability of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to potential prognostic factors for the patients were determined using a Kaplan–Meier analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses evaluated the predictive factors of IBrC patients. The investigation of the potential prognostic model’s accuracy was analyzed using the ROC curve. Results: Patients with tumor size < 2 cm, Ki67 expression < 20%, luminal-A molecular subtype, and extra-dose brachytherapy boost administration displayed the most favorable prognosis according to breast cancer disease-free survival and overall survival. The estimated 5 year probability of DFS and OS rates in women with tumor diameter < 2 cm were 89% and 90%, respectively. In tumor diameter > 2 cm, the estimated 5 year probability of DFS was 73% and OS was 76%. Interestingly, the tumor diameter of 1.6 cm with a specificity of 60.5% and a sensitivity of 75% occurred as the best threshold point to differentiate patients with cancer recurrence from those without cancer progression. Conclusions: Our study provides essential information on the clinicopathological profile and future outcomes of early stage IBrC patients. Furthermore, the tumor diameter cut-off value of 1.6 cm discriminating between disease recurrence and those without disease progression patients represents an innovative direction for further research.

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“…46 incidences of breast cancer for every 100,000 females with a mortality of around 13 women in 100,000 4 . Breast cancer etiology is majorly (> 90%) associated with environmental and lifestyle factors; the major risk factors include obesity, oral contraception, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), late menopause, early menarche, high calorie/fat diet, and alcohol consumption 5 , 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System biology mediated assessment of molecular mechanism for sinapic acid against breast cancer: via network pharmacology and molecular dynamic simulation

Dwivedi,

Shastry

2023

Sci Rep

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Sinapic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid widespread in the plant kingdom, known to be a potent anti-oxidant used for the treatment of cancer, infections, oxidative stress, and inflammation. However, the mode of action for its chemotherapeutic properties has yet not been unleashed. Hence, we aimed to identify potential targets to propose a possible molecular mechanism for sinapic acid against breast cancer. We utilized multiple system biology tools and databases like DisGeNET, DIGEP-Pred, Cytoscape, STRING, AutoDock 4.2, AutoDock vina, Schrodinger, and gromacs to predict a probable molecular mechanism for sinapic acid against breast cancer. Targets for the disease breast cancer, were identified via DisGeNET database which were further matched with proteins predicted to be modulated by sinapic acid. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis was used to identify pathways; a protein-pathway network was constructed via Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed using three different algorithms followed by molecular dynamic simulations and MMPBSA analysis. Moreover, cluster analysis and gene ontology (GO) analysis were performed. A total of 6776 targets were identified for breast cancer; 95.38% of genes predicted to be modulated by sinapic acid were common with genes of breast cancer. The ‘Pathways in cancer’ was predicted to be modulated by most umber of proteins. Further, PRKCA, CASP8, and CTNNB1 were predicted to be the top 3 hub genes. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed CYP3A4, CYP1A1, and SIRT1 to be the lead proteins identified from AutoDock 4.2, AutoDock Vina, and Schrodinger suite Glide respectively. Molecular dynamic simulation and MMPBSA were performed for the complex of sinapic acid with above mentioned proteins which revealed a stable complex throughout simulation. The predictions revealed that the mechanism of sinapic acid in breast cancer may be due to regulation of multiple proteins like CTNNB1, PRKCA, CASP8, SIRT1, and cytochrome enzymes (CYP1A1 & CYP3A4); the majorly regulated pathway was predicted to be ‘Pathways in cancer’. This indicates the rationale for sinapic acid to be used in the treatment of breast cancer. However, these are predictions and need to be validated and looked upon in-depth to confirm the exact mechanism of sinapic acid in the treatment of breast cancer; this is future scope as well as a drawback of the current study.

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A Review of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults

Cited by 11 publications

References 268 publications

Risk Assessment Tool of Breast Cancer and Barriers against Breast Self-Examination among Nurses: An Educational Program

Risk Assessment Tool of Breast Cancer and Barriers against Breast Self-Examination among Nurses: An Educational Program

Traditional Clinicopathological Biomarkers Still Determine Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Invasive Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study

System biology mediated assessment of molecular mechanism for sinapic acid against breast cancer: via network pharmacology and molecular dynamic simulation

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