A review of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) ecology and management in Europe

Abstract

Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".

Thousand Cankers Disease in Walnut Trees in Europe: Current Status and Management

“…This was exacerbated by the import of numerous batches of black walnut seedlings from the US starting in the 1990s, as several black walnut plantations were established with the financial contribution of the EU in various European countries [ 15 ]. Currently, black walnut settings are estimated to cover a total area of about 20,000 hectares across 14 countries in Europe [ 1 ]. Although black walnut occurs as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and avenues, it is mainly cultivated for timber production [ 1 ].…”

“…Currently, black walnut settings are estimated to cover a total area of about 20,000 hectares across 14 countries in Europe [ 1 ]. Although black walnut occurs as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and avenues, it is mainly cultivated for timber production [ 1 ]. The massive importation of black walnut in Europe from the US likely resulted in repeated introductions of the disease, as confirmed by the multiple haplotypes of the beetle found in the TCD invasion areas in Italy [ 15 ].…”

“…Juglans species are highly valued for economic, social, and environmental reasons. Members of this genus are, in fact, valuable resources to humans for their nuts and high-quality wood, as well as ornamental landscape trees [ 1 ]. These species are also fundamental to wildlife as they constitute habitats for animals and provide fruits that serve as food for birds, squirrels, and other small mammals [ 2 ].…”

“…By virtue of these properties, the black walnut is considered one of the most valuable timber trees in the US, with an estimated value for standing black walnut of USD 568 billion [ 3 ]. The high appreciation for this species in Europe also led to a continued introduction of black walnut seedlings from the US starting from the end of the 17th century [ 1 ]. Because of this massive introduction campaign, the black walnut today is considered an acclimatized species in Western Europe [ 4 ].…”

Structure of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) stands on sandy soils in Hungary

“…It is a deciduous, monoecious tree, grown primarily for its valuable wood (Šindelářová 1973;Beran, Šindelář 1996;Réh 1994Réh , 1996 and not for its fruit, which has a smaller kernel and a much harder nutshell than the Persian walnut. It originates from North America and was introduced into Europe in the 17th century, but its wider spread in Central Europe began in the second half of the 19th century (Herman 1987;Nicolescu 1998;Hrib 2005;Kremer et al 2008;Nicolescu et al 2020).…”