A recrystallization approach to repairing spent LiFePO₄ black mass

Abstract

Broad applications of lithium-ion batteries in the past decade have resulted in gigawatt-hours of spent batteries that perplex the recycling industry, especially for the industrially collected spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode...

Self-powered recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries via triboelectric nanogenerator

“…As shown in Fig. 6b and Note S4 (ESI†), taking advantage of the full recovery of the spent LFP, the benefit of this work when recycling 1 kg LFP batteries is $6.046 due to the pricey spent LFP battery compared with $4.702, $1.272 and $1.959 for the direct regeneration method (Note S5, ESI†), 55 acid leaching method 8 and oxidation leaching method that recycle spent LFP cathode material at low cost. 17 Meanwhile, the cost of this work is $4.331 compared with $3.638, $0.832 and $1.080 for the direct regeneration, conventional acid leaching method and oxidation leaching method.…”

“…However, the additives are pricey and hard to synthesize. 12,55 Electrochemical regeneration by using a prelithiation separator and the oxidation process has been intensively studied. Unfortunately, these processes are limited by their unsustainability in terms of energy and materials.…”

The synthesis and modification of LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery cathodes: a mini review

“…In addition, machine learning can help better predict the lithium storage properties of cation-doped LFP materials and hence minimise the tedious experimental attempts. To satisfy the continuous development and “3R” (reduce, reuse, recycle) principles, the reproduction of LFP electrode materials is a viable way, 72–78 whose prime technical difficulty is the recovery of the inevitable Li loss in the spent LFP for recycling.…”

A systematic review of efficient recycling for the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries: process intensification technologies beyond traditional methods

“…For the direct recovery process, recycled materials with different residual Al metal contents can be obtained by controlling different crushing times or dissolution temperatures. 142,144 In industrial practice, three common direct recovery processes for LIB cathode materials are employed: 39 annealing following direct lithium supplementation, 145 hydrothermal lithium supplementation followed by annealing, 146 and dissolution of various valence ions followed by precipitation and lithium supplementation as well as high-temperature annealing 147 (Fig. 10a).…”