A rapid and simple method for the esterification of fatty acids and steroid carboxylic acids prior to gas-liquid chromatography

Lillington, Jacqueline M.; Trafford, D.J.H.; Makin, H. L. J.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(81)90425-3

Cited by 114 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Fatty acid analysis. To 50 L of pooled milk samples for each treatment, 30 g of C:17 FFA, 500 L of benzene, and 3 L of acetylchloride:MeOH (1:15) were added (27). (Because of the small volumes of milk, pooling samples was necessary for sufficient volume for analysis.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pancreatic Lipase and Its Related Protein 2 Are Regulated by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat during the Postnatal Development of Rats

et al. 2004

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The developmental gene expression of pancreatic lipase (PL) and its related proteins (PLRP1 and PLRP2) is anticoordinate. It is unknown whether dietary fat regulates the expression of these proteins in the preweanling stage. For determining the regulation of development and diet on PL, PLRP1, and PLRP2 as early as the suckling period, pregnant (Sprague-Dawley) rats consumed from day 15 (d15) of pregnancy through d9 of lactation a purified low (11% of energy) safflower oil diet [low-fat (LF)]. From d9 of lactation, dams and their respective pups were fed LF, mediumfat (MF; 40% of energy), or high-fat (HF; 67% of energy) safflower oil diets to d56. Milk fatty acid content had 15-to 100-fold less C:10 and 2.6-to 3.3-fold more C18:2 in MF and HF groups. Diet (LF Ͻ MF ϭ HF; P Ͻ 0.002), postnatal development (d15 Ͻ d21 Ͻ d28 ϭ d56; P Ͻ 0.001), and interaction of diet ϫ development significantly affected PL activity starting as early as d15. PL mRNA levels showed a parallel effect of diet (LF Ͻ HF ϭ MF; P Ͻ 0.013) and development (P Ͻ 0.001). Both PLRP1 and PLRP2 mRNA levels were significantly affected by development (P Ͻ 0.001) and had an anticoordinate pattern compared with PL expression (d15 Ͼ d21 Ͼ d28). Reported for the first time is the significant down-regulation of PLRP2 mRNA levels by high polyunsaturated fat in suckling (d15) Dietary fat provides the major energy (~50% calories) during infancy in breast milk and formulas (1). During the past decade, special attention has been given to the type of fat necessary for normal infant development, especially to longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA derived from essential fatty acids (C18:2, linoleic acid, and C18:3␣-linolenic) play a key role in brain and normal retinal development (2).Fat digestion and absorption in the infant and premature neonate depend on the developmental pattern of lipases (3).The digestive system continues to develop after birth in infants, and especially so in premature neonates, influencing their ability to digest fat. Gastric lipase, which starts the digestion of dietary fat and accounts for 10 -30% of fat digestion (4), pancreatic colipase-dependent lipase, and milk bile saltstimulated lipase all have potential roles in digestion of milk fat in the neonate (3). Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) may play a role in neonatal fat digestion as well (5). Although the pancreatic lipase levels in the newborn and even more so in the premature infant are low, the digestion of milk fat depends on these four lipases with unique and only partially overlapping functions (5-7).The exocrine pancreas synthesizes and secretes pancreatic lipase and two pancreatic lipase-related proteins; PLRP1 and PLRP2. PL and its related proteins have been identified in humans and rats. The PLRP1 is highly homologous to PL with conserved serine and histidine residues in the active site (8,9); however, this protein does not exhibit colipasedependent lipolytic activity when its full-length cDNA is expressed in COS or Sf9 cells (8,9). Although PLRP1 i...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples were incubated in a 65°C water bath for 2 h. After cooling, 10 g of C:15 fatty acid methyl ester, internal standard, 500 L of hexane and 1 L of H 2 O were added, and the samples were centrifuged to separate. The hexane layer was taken and injected into the gas chromatograph for fatty acid analysis (27).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pancreatic Lipase and Its Related Protein 2 Are Regulated by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat during the Postnatal Development of Rats

et al. 2004

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“…After esterification, the methanol and acetyl chloride were evaporated, and the fatty acid methyl esters were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography as previously described. 24 Thirty-five out of fifty fatty acids analyzed were detected by this method. Twelve duplicate samples, indistinguishable from others, were analyzed throughout the study.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose tissue arachidonic acid and the metabolic syndrome in Costa Rican adults

Williams¹,

Baylin²,

Campos³

2007

Clinical Nutrition

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“…The concentrations of fatty acids in adipose tissue were determined using gas -liquid chromatography as described by Lillington et al 17 . Briefly, approximately 2 mg of adipose tissue biopsy were collected and kept in hexane-isopropanol (3:2) mixture.…”

Section: Biochemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of dietary intakes of micro- and macronutrients in rural, suburban and urban populations in Costa Rica

Kabagambe

Baylin

Siles

et al. 2002

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To compare, along with behavioural habits, the potential atherogenicity of diets in rural and urban areas in Costa Rica. Design: Subjects ðn ¼ 503Þ were randomly selected from the general population in Costa Rica. A validated food-frequency questionnaire that inquired about dietary intake in the previous year was administered once to each subject. Each subject provided plasma and an adipose tissue biopsy, which were used as biomarkers for carotenoid, tocopherol and/or fatty acid intakes. Each subject also answered another questionnaire on personal profile and household characteristics. Setting: A dietitian visited all subjects and conducted the interviews at their homes. Subjects: Adult male and female free-living rural, suburban and urban Costa Ricans without a history of physical or mental disability. Results: Subjects in rural areas were significantly ðP , 0:05Þ more active physically, earned less income and had a higher intake of dietary fibre than urban dwellers. Urban residents reported a significantly ðP , 0:05Þ higher consumption of total fat, specifically unsaturated fat mostly from soyabean oil, and had higher plasma and adipose tissue tocopherol and lycopene concentrations. Interestingly, no differences in body mass index were observed. Conclusions: These data show differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of rural and urban populations in Costa Rica. In rural areas, low socio-economic status and low intake of unsaturated fatty acids appear to be the prevalent CVD risk factors, while in urban areas they were low physical activity, high trans-fatty acids in the diet and adipose tissue, and low dietary fibre intake.

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A rapid and simple method for the esterification of fatty acids and steroid carboxylic acids prior to gas-liquid chromatography

Cited by 114 publications

References 16 publications

Pancreatic Lipase and Its Related Protein 2 Are Regulated by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat during the Postnatal Development of Rats

Pancreatic Lipase and Its Related Protein 2 Are Regulated by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat during the Postnatal Development of Rats

Adipose tissue arachidonic acid and the metabolic syndrome in Costa Rican adults

Comparison of dietary intakes of micro- and macronutrients in rural, suburban and urban populations in Costa Rica

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