A randomized, crossover, head-to-head comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to reduce inflammation markers in men and women: the Comparing EPA to DHA (ComparED) Study

Allaire, Janie; Couture, Patrick; Leclerc, M; Charest, Amélie; Marín, Javier; Lépine, Marie-Claude; Talbot, Denis; Tchernof, André; Lamarche, Benoı̂t

doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.131896

Cited by 207 publications

(194 citation statements)

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“…A marked increase in the n-6/n-3 ratio is associated with lipogenesis, overweight lipid oxidation and secretion, and therefore promotion of NAFLD [11]; fish oil intake varies in its hepatic fatty acid composition in supplements with n-3 PUFA, and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 ratio has already been revealed in another study [7]. Other reports demonstrated that DHA supplementation led to a greater reduction in specific makers of inflammation than that by an equal dose of EPA [17], but supplementation with varying ratios of EPA/DHA influenced different metabolic syndrome markers [15] and enhanced the positive effects of biomarkers of inflammation [12]. Accordingly, in the present study, we concentrated on the effects of various ratios of DHA/EPA (with an n-6/n-3 ratio of 4:1) on liver damage in C57BL/6 J mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, our research group has previously reported that DHA and EPA from fish and algal oils are more beneficial than plant oils enriched in α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) at delaying atherosclerosis progression in model apoE −/− mice; an intervention with higher DHA/EPA ratios was found to be beneficial for reducing high cholesterol concentrations in the blood [16]. Nevertheless, DHA and EPA differ in their physiological functions, and a new study indicated that DHA supplementation leads to a greater reduction in specific markers of inflammation than that by an equal dose of EPA [17]. In view of these observations, it remains unclear whether DHA is more effective than DHA/EPA, there is an optimal ratio of DHA and EPA supplementation for reduction of high-fat diet-induced liver damage, and regularizing the ratio of DHA and EPA has differential effects on various symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective effects of various ratios of DHA/EPA supplementation on high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice

et al. 2017

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BackgroundA sedentary lifestyle and poor diet are risk factors for the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the pathogenesis of hepatic lipid accumulation is not completely understood. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of dietary supplementation of various ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on a high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder and the concurrent liver damage.MethodsUsing high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 J mice as the animal model, diets of various ratios of DHA/EPA (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) with an n-6/n-3 ratio of 4:1 were prepared using fish and algae oils enriched in DHA and/or EPA and sunflower seed oils to a small extent instead of the high-fat diet.ResultsSignificantly decreased hepatic lipid deposition, body weight, serum lipid profile, inflammatory reactions, lipid peroxidation, and expression of adipogenesis-related proteins and inflammatory factors were observed for mice that were on a diet supplemented with DHA/EPA compared to those in the high-fat control group. The DHA/EPA 1:2 group showed lower serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, lower SREBP-1C, FAS, and ACC-1 relative mRNA expression, and higher Fra1 mRNA expression, with higher relative mRNA expression of enzymes such as AMPK, PPARα, and HSL observed in the DHA/EPA 1:1 group. Lower liver TC and TG levels and higher superoxide dismutase levels were found in the DHA/EPA 2:1 group. Nonetheless, no other notable effects were observed on the biomarkers mentioned above in the groups treated with DHA/EPA compared with the DHA group.ConclusionsThe results showed that supplementation with a lower DHA/EPA ratio seems to be more effective at alleviating high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice, and a DHA/EPA ratio of 1:2 mitigated inflammatory risk factors. These effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on lipid metabolism may be linked to the upregulation of Fra1 and attenuated activity of c-Jun and c-Fos, thus ultimately reducing the severity of the lipid metabolism disorder and liver damage to some extent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of various ratios of DHA/EPA supplementation on high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice

et al. 2017

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“…The indication of diet supplementation in sport activities is due to the anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant effect and consequently its action on all the processes of tissue restoration and adaptation to the physical stress and training, from the connective tissue to the neural development [4]. However, it has been shown that DHA is more effective than EPA in modulating specific markers of inflammation as well as blood lipids [5]. The epidemiological studies related to the impact of the supplementation on the physical activities are focused on supposed actions of the n-3 FA on muscle metabolism and tissue recovery [6], functional performance, and inflammation [7] and, with a very specified indications on sport, as exercise induced asthma [8], traumatic brain injury [9] or injury recovery, training adaptation, and sarcopenia [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content in Elite Athletes in Response to Omega-3 Supplementation: A Dose-Response Pilot Study

Drobnic

Rueda

Pons³

et al. 2017

Journal of Lipids

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Introduction Supplementation of Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) in athletes is related to the anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant effect and consequently its action on all the processes of tissue restoration and adaptation to physical stress. Objective Evaluate the Omega-3 Index (O3Ix) response, in red blood cells, to supplemental EPA + DHA intake in the form of high purity and stable composition gums (G), in elite summer athletes. Method Twenty-four summer sport athletes of both sexes, pertaining to the Olympic Training Center in Spain, were randomized to two groups (2G = 760 or 3G = 1140 mg of n-3 FA in Omegafort OKids, Ferrer Intl.) for 4 months. Five athletes and four training staff volunteers were control group. Results The O3Ix was lower than 8% in 93.1% of all the athletes. The supplementation worked in a dose-dependent manner: 144% for the 3G dose and 135% for the 2G, both p < 0.001, with a 3% significant decrease of Omega-6 FAs. No changes were observed for the control group. Conclusions Supplementation with n-3FA increases the content of EPA DHA in the red blood cells at 4 months in a dose-dependent manner. Athletes with lower basal O3Ix were more prone to increment their levels. The study is registered with Protocol Registration and Results System (ClinicalTrials.gov) number NCT02610270.

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“…The first results from the Comparing EPA to DHA Study were published recently and demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that DHA is more effective than EPA in modulating specific markers of inflammation, as well as blood lipids (a greater reduction in TGs and a greater increase in HDL cholesterol) (9). Studies have shown that DHA supplementation in the maternal diet may have a favorable impact on the development of the infant's immune system and the risk of allergic or atopic diseases early in life (10).…”

Section: Recent Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid

Richard

Calder

2016

Advances in Nutrition

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A randomized, crossover, head-to-head comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to reduce inflammation markers in men and women: the Comparing EPA to DHA (ComparED) Study

Cited by 207 publications

References 33 publications

Protective effects of various ratios of DHA/EPA supplementation on high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice

Protective effects of various ratios of DHA/EPA supplementation on high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice

Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content in Elite Athletes in Response to Omega-3 Supplementation: A Dose-Response Pilot Study

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