A Question Mark on Iron Deficiency in 185 Million People of Pakistan: Its Outcomes and Prevention

Ahmed, Anwaar; Ahmad, Asif; Khalid, Nauman; David, Ángel; Sandhu, Mansoor Abdullah; Randhawa, Muhammad Atif; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul

doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.645087

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Iron levels were low compared to international data, due to micronutrient deficiency in the mothers and hence in the new-born and even the meconium. Overall, this indicates iron deficiency in women in the area, which is supported by other studies from the region (22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Toxic metals in maternal blood,cord blood and meconium of newborn infants in Pakistan

Aziz

Ahmed

Karim

et al. 2017

East Mediterr Health J

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Taux de métaux toxiques et d'éléments traces dans le sang maternel, le sang cordonal et le méconium des nouveau-nés au PakistanRÉSUMÉ Les métaux toxiques et la carence ou l'excès en éléments traces peuvent avoir des effets nocifs sur la santé. La présente étude avait pour objectif de quantifier les taux de métaux toxiques (plomb, cadmium) et d'éléments traces (zinc, cuivre, aluminium et fer) contenus dans le sang des femmes enceintes, le sang cordonal, et le méconium des nouveau-nés dans des zones industrielles de Karachi (Pakistan). Une recherche analytique a été menée en 2011 et 2012 sur des femmes enceintes et des nouveau-nés au niveau socioéconomique faible dans vingt villes proches des zones industrielles de Sindh, de Federal B et de Korangi à Karachi, où une pollution environnementale avait été anticipée. Les échantillons de sang des femmes enceintes (n = 416), de sang cordonal (n = 309) et de méconium (n = 309) ont fait l'objet d'une analyse quantitative à la recherche de métaux et d'éléments traces. Les résultats ont indiqué que les mères résidant dans des villes sidérurgiques présentaient les taux de plomb les plus élevés. Le méconium contenait des concentrations élevées de métaux lourds toxiques et d'éléments traces par rapport au sang cordonal et au sang maternel. Les métaux toxiques contenus dans le sang maternel étaient présents en grandes quantités. Par conséquent, des mesures de sécurité devraient être prises lorsque les déchets industriels sont éliminés afin de prévenir la contamination de la population. and meconium (n = 309) were analyzed quantitatively for metals and trace elements. Results indicated that mothers residing in steel towns were found to have the highest levels of lead. Meconium contained high levels of toxic heavy metals and trace elements compared to cord blood and maternal blood. Maternal blood toxic metals were present in high quantities. Therefore, safety measures should be taken when industrial waste is disposed of in order to prevent population contamination. ‫باكستان‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الوالدة‬ ‫حديثي‬ ‫ّي‬ ‫وعق‬ ‫الرسي‬ ‫احلبل‬ ‫ودم‬ ‫األمهات‬ ‫دم‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الشحيحة‬ ‫والعنارص‬ ‫ة‬

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Toxic metals in maternal blood,cord blood and meconium of newborn infants in Pakistan

Aziz

Ahmed

Karim

et al. 2017

East Mediterr Health J

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“…Since, stability and bioavailability of both iron and iodine is difficult, salt encapsulation is a novel approach that may provide a physical barrier for undesirable reactions and interactions during storage [119]. Two recent publications rightly pointed out that food fortification is one of the best approaches to alleviating mineral deficiency and impacting overall health of the general population [118,119]. …”

Section: Food Fortification and Dietary Supplementation In The Midmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions

et al. 2017

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Micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies constitute a global health issue, particularly among countries in the Middle East. The objective of this review is to identify micronutrient deficits in the Middle East and to consider current and new approaches to address this problem. Based on the availability of more recent data, this review is primarily focused on countries that are in advanced nutrition transition. Prominent deficits in folate, iron, and vitamin D are noted among children/adolescents, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and the elderly. Reports indicate that food fortification in the region is sporadic and ineffective, and the use of dietary supplements is low. Nutrition monitoring in the region is limited, and gaps in relevant information present challenges for implementing new policies and approaches to address the problem. Government-sponsored initiatives are necessary to assess current dietary intakes/patterns, support nutrition education, and to reduce food insecurity, especially among vulnerable population groups. Public–private partnerships should be considered in targeting micronutrient fortification programs and supplementation recommendations as approaches to help alleviate the burden of micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies in the Middle East.

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“…In Pakistan the reported prevalence of IDA in children under five is between 40–70% [ 12 – 16 ]. In Pakistani children IDA has been associated with growth retardation, impaired cognition, reduced physical activity and postulated as a contributor to the high national infant mortality rate [ 10 , 12 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Widespread micronutrient deficiencies along with other clinical and social factors are believed to be the leading cause of IDA in Pakistan [ 13 – 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Predictors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan, A Secondary Analysis of National Nutrition Survey Data 2011–2012

et al. 2016

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BackgroundIron deficiency Anemia (IDA) in children is a recognized public health problem that impacts adversely on child morbidity, mortality and impairs cognitive development. In Pakistan information on the true prevalence and predictors of IDA is limited. This study sought to investigate IDA in children under five years of age using data from a nationally representative stratified cross-sectional survey.MethodsSecondary analysis was performed on the National Nutrition Survey in Pakistan 2011–2012. We used a pre-structured instrument to collect socio demographic and nutritional data on mothers and children. We also collected Anthropometric measurements and blood samples for micronutrient deficiencies. IDA was defined as having both haemoglobin levels of <110 g/L and ferritin levels of < 12 μg/L. Data analysis was performed by applying univariate and multivariate techniques using logistic regression through SPSS.FindingsA total of 7138 children aged between 6–59 months were included in the analysis. The prevalence of IDA was 33.2%. In multivariate regression analysis adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated. Age < 24 months (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.18–1.55 p <0.05), stunting (AOR 1.42 CI 1.23–1.63 p<0.05), presence of clinical anemia (AOR 5.69 CI 4.93–6.56 p<0.05), having a mother with IDA (AOR 1.72 CI 1.47–2.01 p<0.05) and household food insecurity (AOR 1.20 CI 1.10–1.40 P<0.05) were associated with IDA. Living in a rural area (AOR 0.77 CI 0.65–0.90 p<0.05) and being a female child (AOR 0.87 CI 0.76–0.98 p<0.05) were associated with reduced odds of IDA.ConclusionThe prevalence of IDA amongst Pakistani children represents a moderate burden that disproportionately affects the youngest, growth retarded children, affected children are more likely to have mothers with IDA and live in areas where food security is lacking. National efforts to alleviate the burden of IDA should involve both short term vertical programs such as iron supplementation and long term horizontal programs including wheat flour fortification.

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A Question Mark on Iron Deficiency in 185 Million People of Pakistan: Its Outcomes and Prevention

Cited by 20 publications

References 88 publications

Toxic metals in maternal blood,cord blood and meconium of newborn infants in Pakistan

Toxic metals in maternal blood,cord blood and meconium of newborn infants in Pakistan

The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions

Prevalence and Predictors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan, A Secondary Analysis of National Nutrition Survey Data 2011–2012

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