“…The participants of the studies were recruited from general population ( n = 3), primary care ( n = 6), secondary care ( n = 2) and tertiary care ( n = 1). Six studies (Bohman et al, ; Cecchi et al, ; Feitosa et al, ; Huijnen et al, ; Nordeman et al, ; Pinto et al, ) included patients with chronic LBP, four studies (Hussain et al, ; Jacob et al, ; Mortimer et al, ; Roffey et al, ) did not specify the duration of symptoms, one study (Bousema et al, ) included patients with subacute LBP and one study (Hendrick et al, ) included patients with acute LBP. Regarding the outcome assessment, 10 studies (Cecchi et al, ; Feitosa et al, ; Hendrick et al, ; Huijnen et al, ; Hussain et al, ; Jacob et al, ; Mortimer et al, ; Nordeman et al, ; Pinto et al, ; Roffey et al, ) assessed disability, 6 studies (Feitosa et al, ; Hussain et al, ; Jacob et al, ; Mortimer et al, ; Pinto et al, ; Roffey et al, ) assessed pain intensity and 2 studies (Bohman et al, ; Bousema et al, ) used a measure of recovery.…”