We have prepared Eu 2+ (1%) doped BaCl 2 nanopowders by using a hybrid sol-gel/thermal decomposition route using barium acetate and trichloracetic acid as in situ chlorination agent. Structural and thermal analysis data have shown that orthorhombic BaCl 2 phase crystallization occurs at 260 °C. BaCl 2 :Eu 2+ nanocrystals of about 100-200 nm in size were produced after annealing (in air) at 500 °C and they displayed Eu 2+ d → f type luminescence at 396 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of both Eu 2+ , Eu 3+ ions species and a BaO passivating layer at the surface of the nanocrystals.A polymer nanocomposite (PVP@BaCl 2 :Eu 2+ ) was also processed and its optical response under x-ray irradiation was found to be similar to that of the nanopowder. X-ray excited luminescence showed Eu 2+ luminescence at 396 nm, whereas the thermoluminescence peak at 130 °C was assigned to the F(Cl)-center recombination with Eu 2+ related hole centers.