A Promising Approach: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Diagnosis Using Cluster Analysis

Abstract

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by abnormal and excessive amounts of bacteria in the small intestine. Since symptoms and lab tests are non-specific, the diagnosis of SIBO is highly dependent on breath testing. There is a lack of a universally accepted cut-off point for breath testing to diagnose SIBO, and the dilemma of defining “SIBO patients” has made it more difficult to explore the gold standard for SIBO diagnosis. How to validate the gold standard for breath testing without defining “SIBO patients” has become an imperious demand in clinic. Breath-testing datasets from 1071 patients were collected from Xiangya Hospital in the past 3 years and analyzed with an artificial intelligence method using cluster analysis. K-means and DBSCAN algorithms were applied to the dataset after the clustering tendency was confirmed with Hopkins Statistic. Satisfying the clustering effect was evaluated with a Silhouette score, and patterns of each group were described. Advantages of artificial intelligence application in adaptive breath-testing diagnosis criteria with SIBO were discussed from the aspects of high dimensional analysis, and data-driven and regional specific dietary influence. This research work implied a promising application of artificial intelligence for SIBO diagnosis, which would benefit clinical practice and scientific research.

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Online Education: Influence of Student Participation on Academic Retention in Virtual Courses

“…Implementing activity logging tools to track student engagement on your institution's online learning platform and capture student interactions in real-time is essential. These tools allow for collecting detailed data on student behavior within the forums, which are evaluated to identify unusual participation patterns or students who need additional support [35]. Figure 2 outlines the activity logging tools used and out-lines the implementation process.…”