“…In recent years sensor networks have been deployed to tackle some of the most fundamental problems facing human beings such as disaster warnings, climate change, and renewable energy. These emerging scientific applications include underwater or ocean sensor networks [9,22,28,35,43,60], wind and solar harvesting [34,40], seismic sensor networks [42,55], and monitoring of volcano eruption and glacial melting [18,47]. One common characteristic of these applications is that they are all deployed in challenging environments such as in remote or inhospitable regions, or under extreme weather, to continuously collect large volumes of data for a long period of time.…”