“…In this article we employ adjoint based a posteriori analysis to accurately quantify the error in a QoI computed from the numerical solution of the PBE. Adjoint based error estimation is widely used for a host of numerical methods including finite elements, finite difference, time integration, multi-scale simulations and inverse problems [30,29,32,1,7,8,10,37,13,16,22,57]. The error estimate weights computable residuals of the numerical solution with the solution of an adjoint problem to quantify the accumulation and propagation of error.…”