A Portable Reflective Absorbance Spectrophotometric Smartphone Device for the Rapid and Highly Accurate Determination of Amlodipine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Human Urine Samples

Abstract

The simple reflective absorbance spectrophotometric smartphone device for point-ofmonitoring amlodipine is presented here for the first time. The immediate analysis of amlodipine in the human urine of the patients who suffered severe side effects of this drug is very important for diagnosis, treatment, and reduction of the death rate. This measurement technique is based on the charge-transfer complex between amlodipine and picric acid, which forms a yellow product. This product can absorb light intensity from an LED strip and measure through the Blue channel from RGB mode with a smartphone application. The linear relationship for amlodipine monitoring was found in a wide range from 100.0 µg L-1 to 140.0 mg L-1 (R 2 = 0.999), and the limit of detection was found to be 25.0 µg L-1. Our proposed method can be applied to the different smartphone brands with consistent sensitivity of amlodipine detection. Additionally, the determination of amlodipine in pharmaceutical formulation and human urine samples was demonstrated by our proposed method. The recoveries were indicated in the range 98.60-100.00%, which is at the acceptable level for pharmacy. This method offers interweave of basic technology and chemical analysis with environmentally friendly due to reducing the complex instrument and the amount of organic waste compared to chromatographic technique and efficient use for the detection of amlodipine. Hence, this method can be applied for promptly medical diagnoses and laboratories with limited budget resources.

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“…Likewise, the effects of antibody concentrations and AuNPs-Ab 2 volume are described in Figures S9 and S10. The influences of the supportive device fabrication and wavelength of laser are also shown and described in Figures S11–S14. − …”

Gold Nanomaterial-Based Microfluidic Paper Analytical Device for Simultaneous Quantification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Nitrite Ions in Water Samples

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Utilization of erythrosine B in spectrofluorimetric quenching analysis of amlodipine and perindopril in pharmaceutical and biological matrices

“…Amlodipine (AML), is a dihydropyridine compound with antihypertensive and antianginal effects with the nomenclature of 3‐ O ‐ethyl 5‐ O ‐methyl 2‐(2‐aminoethoxymethyl)‐4‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐6‐methyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate (Figure 1a). Various analytical techniques for determining AML, either alone or in combination with other drugs, have been published including spectrophotometry [1–8], spectrofluorimetry [9–28], and electrochemical [6, 29] and chromatographic approaches such as TLC [30], LC–MS/MS [31] and HPLC [4, 5, 32–42]. Perindopril (PER) is an antihypertensive nonsulfhydryl angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension and stable coronary artery disease with the nomenclature of (2 S ,3 aS ,7 aS )‐1‐[(2 S )‐2‐[[(2 S )‐1‐ethoxy‐1‐oxopentan‐2‐yl]amino]propanoyl]‐2,3,3 a ,4,5,6,7,7 a ‐octahydroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (Figure 1b).…”

“…4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (Figure 1a). Various analytical techniques for determining AML, either alone or in combination with other drugs, have been published including spectrophotometry [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8],…”