A política internacional do Partido dos Trabalhadores: da fundação à diplomacia do governo Lula

Abstract

O presente artigo analisa as posições de política externa assumidas pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores e pelo candidato presidencial Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, desde a fundação do Partido, no início dos anos 1980, passando pelas eleições de 1989, até o pleito vitorioso de 2002. Destacam-se os temas básicos do programa partidário e sua evolução gradual em direção a uma postura mais próxima da forma tradicional de atuação da diplomacia profissional, caracterizada pelo multilateralismo juridicista, gradualista e pacifista. Além disso, examina as principais questões da agenda diplomática brasileira - especialmente as econômicas e comerciais -, as negociações e a discussão dos limites e possibilidades de inovação nesse terreno, concluindo pela preservação das grandes linhas de continuidade na política externa brasileira no governo atual.

Presidentialization, Pluralization, and the Rollback of Itamaraty: Explaining Change in Brazilian Foreign Policy Making in the Cardoso-Lula Era

“…This position-taking on trade and globalization is noteworthy: international relations is the only policy area where Lula has been able to maintain fi delity to the PT's historic worldview (Almeida, 2003(Almeida, , 2004b(Almeida, , 2006a. The PT has clearly abandoned earlier policy demands (e.g.…”

Anti-Americanism and Trade Policy in Brazil and France

“…He still supported the idea that Brazil should withdraw from the negotiation and submit to plebiscite whether Brazilians wanted the hemispheric treaty (Almeida 2003;Marulanda 2008), but during the election campaign and after his election, he had to make concessions to his moderate nationalist allies, leading to a watering down of his anti-American speech (Carvalho and Ferrari Filho 2004). The PT's election victory is considered the result of 'widespread displeasure with neoliberal economic policies' rather than an effect of Brazilian antiAmericanism (McPherson 2007:51).…”

Is Politics Behind Trade? The Impact of International Trends and Diplomatic Action on Brazil's Exports during Globalisation

“…It was thus no surprise that Lula emphasised relations with the developing world (Onuki and Oliveira, : 145–155), an approach supported by the PT for ideological reasons (Burges, : 160–161; Vilela and Neiva, : 75). In order to compensate for its move towards the centre of the political spectrum, Lula's government tried to address PT's traditional themes at the international level, particularly through the rhetorical pursuit of a fairer world order (Almeida, : 88). This became a less daunting task partly because the Global South was emerging economically and thus demanding more imports, particularly of raw materials.…”