A phylogeny and new classification for Mesembryanthemoideae (Aizoaceae)

Klak, Cornelia; Bruyns, Peter V.; Hedderson, Terry A.

doi:10.2307/25065857

Cited by 62 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Ollerton et al 2007), since in this case, floral rewards seem especially difficult to gather by insects other than flies with a cushion-like labium. In terms of its pollination system, A. sylvestris is regarded a supergeneralist (Olesen et al 2007), since its protandrous flowers are visited by a wide range of insects representing several taxonomic orders (Ellis and Ellis-Adam 1993;Zych et al 2007;Niemirski and Zych 2011). It has open, dish-shaped flowers with no additional morphological adaptations that would restrict the access of insect visitors to floral rewards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nectaries and male-biased nectar production in protandrous flowers of a perennial umbellifer Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae)

2014

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Nectar is the most common floral pollinator reward. In dichogamous species, floral nectar production rates can differ between sexual phases. We studied the structure of nectaries located on the stylopodium and nectar production in protandrous umbellifer Angelica sylvestris. Our study species produced nectar in both floral sexual phases. Nectar sugar concentration was low (on average 22 ± 11 %, mean ± SD) and the nectar hexose rich and composed of sucrose, glucose, fructose and a small amount of amino acids, including b-alanine, a non-protein amino acid. Although nectar composition and sugar concentration varied little between floral sexual phases, nectar production showed a threefold reduction during the stigma receptive period. This is in contrast to other studies of Apiaceae that have reported female-biased nectar production, but in the direction predicted by plant sexual selection theory, suggesting that in pollen-unlimited species, floral rewards mainly enhance male reproductive success. The structure of the nectary was similar at the two sexual stages investigated, and composed of a secretory epidermis and several layers of nectariferous and subsecretory parenchyma. The nectary cells were small, had large nuclei, numerous small vacuoles and dense, intensely staining cytoplasm with abundant endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and secretory vesicles. They contained abundant resin-like material that may potentially act as defence against microbes. Starch was rarely observed in the nectary cells, occurring predominantly at the female stage and mainly in guard and parenchyma cells in close proximity to stomata, and in subsecretory parenchyma. The main route of nectar release in A. sylvestris seems to be via modified stomata.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nectaries and male-biased nectar production in protandrous flowers of a perennial umbellifer Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae)

2014

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“…Our observation transect in Kabaty was a small fragment of a larger area of similar character, and insects (mostly opportunistic flies) could unrestrictedly search for other plants or floral patches, whereas Ochota transect was surrounded by an otherwise hostile environment, and pollinators (mostly bees that usually show floral constancy) could only forage within the actual site which largely restricted their choice. In both study sites, the most connected plants belonged to families Fabaceae and Apiaceae and these are known to be visited by a vast range of floral visitors (Ellis and Ellis-Adam 1993;Proctor et al 1996;Willmer 2011), the former being especially attractive to bees because of its protein-rich pollen (Goulson et al 2005;Hanley et al 2008; for contrasting opinion see, however, Roulston et al 2000), whereas the latter are typical phenotypical generalists with open, easily accessible flowers (Olesen et al 2007b;Ollerton et al 2007) and are known to be visited by a taxonomically diverse array of generalist insects, especially flies (see e.g., Zych 2004;Zych et al 2007). Also, the insect species recorded in our study Urban pollination networks 509 networks were largely generalists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower-visitor and pollen transport networks in a large city: structure and properties

Jędrzejewska-Szmek

Zych

2013

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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Plant species and their pollinators are linked by their mutualistic interactions, which form the basis of pollination networks. The use of a network approach allows one to take into account all interactions between a group of plants and its animal pollinators, and to reveal the structure of these connections. We analysed pollination interactions for urban habitat fragments located within the Warsaw city environment. We compared two similar, ruderal communities (phytosociological order Onopordetalia acanthii) located in distant parts of the city of Warsaw (Poland) that differed with the surrounding ecosystems. The aim of this study was to define the structures and properties of flower-visitor (visitation) and pollen transport networks (based on analysis of pollen loads carried by insects) and to assess the differences between the studied sites. Although the sites differed in insect relative abundance (Diptera dominated one study site, whereas Hymenoptera dominated the other), network size and structure were similar for both communities. In both cases, networks contained moderately specialized species (based on H 2 0 index); however, networks were dominated by apparently ecologically generalized insect taxa as well as those represented by a single specimen. Networks based on pollen transport indicated greater generality of insect species (more links) than those based on our samples of visitation. The most highly linked plant species represented were either the most abundant (Fabaceae) or phenotypically generalized taxa (Daucus carota). We conclude that plantpollinator interactions in such highly disturbed and isolated habitats are composed mostly of ecologically generalised species. Moreover, we stress the usefulness of pollen load analysis in the development and verification of visitation data.

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“…Although umbellifers are generally regarded as generalists in terms of their floral visitors (Corbet 2006;Olesen et al 2007;Ollerton et al 2007), fly-pollination [myophily, as described in Willmer (2011), p. 308], is probably typical of Apiaceae (Proctor et al 1996;Zych 2004) and, to date, has been reported for many other European members of this family (Grace and Nelson 1981;Zych 2002Zych , 2007Niemirski and Zych 2011), including O. palustre. Diptera are also important pollinators of umbellifers on remote islands (Pérez-Bañón et al 2007), and on other continents (e.g.…”

Section: Pollination Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Myophily in the critically endangered umbelliferous plant Ostericum palustre Besser (Apiaceae)

2013

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Globally, many plant species face humaninduced habitat loss and an associated reduction in population size and vitality. Their survival is often possible only when appropriate conservation measures are taken that address the biology and ecology of these species, including their reproduction, often the most vulnerable stage in the life history of the organism. Unfortunately, little is known about these aspects of the biology of many listed plant species. For 3 years, we studied the pollination biology of the critically endangered plant species Ostericum palustre Besser (Apiaceae), one that is listed in the Bern Convention and Annex II of the EU Flora-Fauna Directive. Flowers of this taxon were visited by over 81 species of anthophilous insects derived from 5 taxonomic orders, indicating the presence of a generalised pollination system. However, detailed analyses of the frequency of insect visits, pollen loads and insect behaviour on inflorescences suggest that the plant is chiefly pollinated by large Dipterans, predominantly large Syrphid flies and Muscoid flies, that together are often responsible for over 90 % of total pollinations. Occasionally, wasps (Vespidae) may also be involved in the pollination of this species. With respect to the pollination system of O. palustre, our results indicate that this is a classic example of myophily, and generally, this species can be regarded as a functional specialist, but like many other members of Apiaceae, it is a typical ''bethedger''. This strategy may probably increase the plant's reproductive success in a range of habitat conditions, suggesting that the pollination system is unlikely to be the cause of rarity in this species.

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A phylogeny and new classification for Mesembryanthemoideae (Aizoaceae)

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Nectaries and male-biased nectar production in protandrous flowers of a perennial umbellifer Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae)

Nectaries and male-biased nectar production in protandrous flowers of a perennial umbellifer Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae)

Flower-visitor and pollen transport networks in a large city: structure and properties

Myophily in the critically endangered umbelliferous plant Ostericum palustre Besser (Apiaceae)

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