A Pentaband Compound Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multi-Standard Sub-6GHz Wireless Applications

Abstract

This work proposes a low-profile, printed antenna that offers pattern and frequency reconfiguration functionalities printed on FR-4 substrate with a size of 46 × 32 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna can operate in five different frequency bands, each one identified as a Mode, wherein there are possibilities of pattern reconfiguration. The frequency and pattern reconfigurability are made possible through 12 p-i-n diode switches (S1 to S12). The former is enabled through the switches S1 to S4 within the radiating patch, hence effectively controlling the resonant bands of the antenna; the latter is made possible through main lobe beam steering, enabled by the rest of the eight switches (S5 to S12), loaded in split parasitic elements designed on both sides of the radiator. The proposed antenna operates in the 5 GHz (4.52–5.39 GHz) band when all switches are OFF. When S1 is ON, the operating band shifts to 3.5 GHz (2.96–4.17 GHz); it changes to a 2.6 GHz (2.36–2.95 GHz) band when S1 and S2 are ON. When S3 is also turned ON, the antenna shifts to the 2.1 GHz Band (1.95–2.30 GHz). When S1–S4 are ON, the operating band shifts to a 1.8GHz (1.67–1.90 GHz) band. In all these bands, the return loss remains less than −10 dB while maintaining good impedance matching. At each operating band, the ON/OFF states of the eight p-i-n diode switches (S5 through S12) enable beam steering. The proposed antenna can direct the main beam in five distinct directions at 3.5GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 2.1 GHz bands, and three different directions at 5 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands. Different 5G bands (2.1, 2.6, 3.5, and 5) GHz, which fall in the sub 6GHz range, are supported by the proposed antenna. In addition, GSM (1.8 GHz), UMTS (2.1 GHz), 4G-LTE (2.1 GHz and 2.6 GHz), WiMAX (2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5 GHz) applications are also supported by the proposed antenna, which is a candidate for handheld 5G/4G/3G devices.

Reconfigurable dual element dual band MIMO antenna for 5G (Sub-6 GHz) and WLAN applications

“…The proposed antenna has a size reduction of 90% to other reported antennas like (Pant et al, 2021), (Hussain et al, 2018), (Hussain et al, 2017), (Lim et al, 2012), 84 and 88% of (Lim et al, 2012), (Lee and Jang, 2019) and 48, 56 and 77% of (Ahmad et al, 2021), (Yalavarthi, 2021), (Hassan et al, 2020) respectively. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 2.8dBi, which is better than (Hussain et al, 2017), (Lim et al, 2012), (Lee and Jang, 2019), (Agrawal et al, 2021), however less than (Pant et al, 2021), (Hussain et al, 2018), (Chen et al, 2019), (Yalavarthi, 2021), (Hassan et al, 2020), (Ahmad et al, 2021). The MIMO antenna achieved minimum isolation of 15 dB and maximum isolation of 21 dB (D-ON) which is better than (Lim et al, 2012), (Yalavarthi, 2021), As a result, it can be concluded that the proposed MIMO antenna has favourable characteristics for use in 5G (sub-6GHz) and WLAN applications.…”

Electronically reconfigurable and conformal triband antenna for wireless communications systems and portable devices

“…Due to these challenges, the procedure for designing an antenna is revised. To fulfill the requirements of future communication devices, an antenna is required that has characteristics of high gain, high radiation efficiency, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and can operate in over a wideband to enable communications at multiple frequency bands [ 2 , 3 ]. Conformal antennas that can be reconfigurable are considered to fulfill these demanding requirements [ 4 ].…”

Novel reconfigurable monopole‐based matching circuitry design for 5G and modern wireless communication systems

“…Nevertheless, meta‐surfaces were introduced in various antenna structures as defected ground planes, 3 frequency selective surfaces, 4 and artificial magnetic conductors 5 . Most of these applications were applied to wearable textile WBAN applications, 6 size reduction, 7 antenna gain enhancement, 8 interference isolation, 9 and mutual coupling reduction 10 . Moreover, these artificial structures provided unique features such as distinctive stop bands, 11 surface wave suppressions, 12 and negative effective constitutive parameters 13 …”

“…It is good to mention that, in recent 5G networks, two main bands are issued within sub‐6GHz and mm waves (mmW) 10 . Using mmW could realize an excellent reduction in the antenna size and a significant bandwidth enhancement 9 . However, the propagation of mmW inside buildings is very difficult due to the fact of the skin depth and attenuation factors increase with frequency increase 11 .…”

“…10 Using mmW could realize an excellent reduction in the antenna size and a significant bandwidth enhancement. 9 However, the propagation of mmW inside buildings is very difficult due to the fact of the skin depth and attenuation factors increase with frequency increase. 11 Therefore, for this work, the authors applied their design at the sub-6GHz for such antenna design to be applicable within the applications that call inside buildings services.…”