A novel three‐dimensional printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector

Abstract

This study is focused on proposing a new design and setup for electromembrane extraction. A new cap was designed and conductive vials of different shapes were fabricated using three‐dimensional printing. The new cap holds three fibers to enhance electromembrane extraction recovery. Conductive vials can simultaneously perform as electrodes therefore, there is no need to include an electrode in sample solutions. Phenobarbital and phenytoin were used as model compounds to assess the setup performance. Under optimal conditions, these analytes were extracted from the sample solution at pH = 9 to the acceptor solution at pH = 13 with a voltage of 40 V for 20 min, while 1‐octanol was employed as the supported‐liquid‐membrane. The influence of conductive vials geometry on the recovery was examined and the effects of different shapes were studied by performing numerical simulation to establish electric potential distribution. Of the vials tested with circular, triangular, and floral‐like cross‐sections the latter exhibited the best voltage distribution. The circular vial had the highest recovery attributed to its better hydrodynamic shape, which allows rapid fluid sample transport and therefore enhanced system recovery. The extraction recovery and relative standard deviation of the circular vial with three fibers were 33.0 and 7.6 for phenobarbital and 42.2 and 10.4 for phenytoin.

Fabrication of a surface molecularly imprinted polymer membrane based on a single template and its application in the separation and extraction of phenytoin, phenobarbital and lamotrigine

“…Furthermore, the proposed method was compared with some other available methods based on MIPs or membrane extraction in the literature for PHT, PHB, and/or LTG. 28–33,47–53 As shown in Table 6, the extraction recovery of the current method for PHT in plasma was similar with that in the works by Jia's group 28 and Yaripour's group 33 but higher than that in other methods. 47,48,53 The extraction recovery of the current work for PHT in aqueous solution was obviously higher than that in the reference methods.…”

“…47,48,53 The extraction recovery of the current work for PHT in aqueous solution was obviously higher than that in the reference methods. 47,52 In the case of PHB, the extraction recovery in the current work for plasma was higher than that of the reported methods, 50,53 while the extraction recovery in current work for aqueous solution was higher than that of MIPs or electromembrane extraction 49,52,53 but similar with that of MIP fiber extraction, 29 which may result from the similar characters between MIP fiber and MIPMs. In the case of LTG, the extraction recovery of the employed method for plasma or aqueous solution was lower than that of previous works based on MIPs, 30–32,51 which may result from the different templates used to prepare the MIPs.…”

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

“…The transition of EME from research to a broadly applicable microextraction technique necessitates standardized and commercial equipment and the development of generic methods. Three-dimensionally-printed devices have been developed recently and address standardization [9]. Furthermore, commercial EME equipment has recently emerged [10], with vials designed for samples and acceptors composed of conductive polymer.…”

Effect of sodium chloride on the enhanced performance of chitosan-based ion actuator

“…In recent years, the researchers found that the actuate membrane materials including sodium alginate [8] , cellulose, chitosan [9][10][11][12] . Due to their unique three-dimensional network structure and ability to retain a large amount of water, ion actuator had a wide range of applications in hydrogel arti cial muscles [13] including biomedical applications, drug carriers [14][15] , biosensors [16] , medical devices [17] , tissue engineering [18] , separation systems [19][20] , micro uidic systems [21] , microvalves [22] and actuator [23][24] . Chitosan (CS) was a product of natural chitin.…”