“…Single pass SPD techniques, however, are capable of introducing relatively large plastic strains by combining different modes of deformation that can result in smaller grains with a high fraction of HAGBs compared to those of the conventional forming operations (like extrusion or rolling). The single pass methods, which can be found in Tables 2-7, are : nonequal channel angular pressing /channel angular deformation (CAD) [116,117], double change channel angular pressing [118], ECAP forward extrusion (ECAP-FE) [231], forward extrusion ECAP (FE-ECAP) [232], incremental angular splitting [119], torsion extrusion [240,241], vortex Extrusion (VE) [188,189], variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE) [190,191], gradiation extrusion [192,193], integrated extrusion [194], compound extrusion [195], compound twist extrusion/C-TE (TE+Ext.) [243], alternate extrusion (AE) [196], large strain machining [120] and large strain extrusion machining (LSEM) [245].…”