Abstract:A novel concept in DNA vaccine design is the creation of an inhaled DNA plasmid construct containing a portion of the coronavirus spike protein for treatment and vaccination. The secretion of a spike protein portion will function
“…Chitosan and derivatives, as natural polymers with great and valuable features such as antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant characteristics, affordability, bio-degradability, have been applied in diverse uses like biomedical. Recently, this biopolymer was used as a potential biomacromolecule against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, preparation antiviral vaccines, and adjuvants [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Indeed, the virulence of this virus is mainly due to the capability of spike protein for binding to ACE2 receptors existing in the human respiratory tract and start an infection.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Till now, it has been tested as a nano-carrier to deliver antigens and raise immune responses. Also, the performance of its adjuvants can be explained in three or more mechanisms: providing a depot for the antigen to slow release, facilitating the antigen targeting to immune cell and improve phagocytosis, modulation and enhancement immune response induced by the antigen alone [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A 138-nm inhalation vaccine (similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus) with the ability to reach deep into the lungs was reported in this work. Plasmid DNA-created spike proteins functioned for immunity creation and worked as an inexpensive antagonist toward attachment of coronavirus host cells [ 28 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
“…Chitosan and derivatives, as natural polymers with great and valuable features such as antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant characteristics, affordability, bio-degradability, have been applied in diverse uses like biomedical. Recently, this biopolymer was used as a potential biomacromolecule against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, preparation antiviral vaccines, and adjuvants [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Indeed, the virulence of this virus is mainly due to the capability of spike protein for binding to ACE2 receptors existing in the human respiratory tract and start an infection.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Till now, it has been tested as a nano-carrier to deliver antigens and raise immune responses. Also, the performance of its adjuvants can be explained in three or more mechanisms: providing a depot for the antigen to slow release, facilitating the antigen targeting to immune cell and improve phagocytosis, modulation and enhancement immune response induced by the antigen alone [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A 138-nm inhalation vaccine (similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus) with the ability to reach deep into the lungs was reported in this work. Plasmid DNA-created spike proteins functioned for immunity creation and worked as an inexpensive antagonist toward attachment of coronavirus host cells [ 28 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
“…In the page 1874‒1878 12 in this issue of CEPP, Dean Tatlow and associates discuss an alternative way to fight the SARS‐CoV‐2 viral infection by facilitating antigen presentation and mobilization of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes of the immune system. It was thought to be possible that DNA vaccination can be achieved from an inhaled DNA plasmid construct containing a portion of the coronavirus spike protein.…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Given that viral antigenic protein processing is subjected to complex regulation, 13 purposely designed potential antigenic peptides coded by inhaled DNA plasmids may provide a source of antigenic epitope for immunization at the right place of the lungs. In addition to producing potentially secreted spike protein fragments to competitively interfere with viral binding to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a local administration of the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines may also limit potential systemic side effect while potentially igniting both humoral and cytotoxic immunity (for details, see Tatlow et al 12 ).…”
development, since it mediates viral entry and induces neutralizing antibody responses, which are predictive of protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. [2,3] As waves of new viral variants emerge, other targets such as the membrane (M), envelope (E), or nucleocapsid (N) proteins may emerge as complementary vaccine antigens to help increase breadth of protection. [4] S forms a homotrimeric structure comprising two domains, S1 and S2, separated by a Furin cleavage site (FCS). [5,6] S1 contains the receptor binding domain (RBD) which binds to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) on host cells. Subsequently, proteolytic cleavage by Furin and by Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) at the FCS and just upstream of the fusion peptide, respectively, activates the S2 fusion machinery leading to viral entry. [7] S is a class I fusion glycoprotein that undergoes major structural rearrangements from prefusion to post-fusion conformation during viral fusion to host cell membranes. It was previously shown that prefusion-stabilized class I fusion protein antigens better preserve neutralization epitopes for viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein. [8] Similar to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) S protein, [9] two proline substitutions (2P) at residues 986 and 987 at the C-terminal boundary of the first heptad repeat were found to stabilize SARS-CoV-2 S in its prefusion conformation. [10] These 2P stabilizing mutations have been widely adopted in many SARS-CoV-2 vaccines including the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine (Spikevax), the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty), the Novavax NVX-CoV2373 vaccine (Nuvaxovid), and the Johnson and Johnson Ad26.CoV2.S vaccine (Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine). [11] In contrast, the AstraZeneca/Oxford ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 (Vaxzevria) antigen uses the wildtype SARS-CoV-2 S sequence and cells transduced with the adenovirusvectored vaccine produce intact trimeric S, albeit with some proteolytic S degradation. [12] To mitigate this, another common antigen enhancement strategy used by NVX-CoV2373 [13] and Ad26.CoV2.S [14] for example, is to insert mutations or deletions at the proteolytic-prone FCS to improve antigen stability and preserve immunogenicity.As shown in the schematic illustration in Figure 1B, COVID-19 vaccines have taken on a wide variety of formats. Table 1 lists some of the vaccine types that have reported peerreviewed phase 3 clinical trial results so far. [16] Various advanced materials have emerged as vaccines for the S subunit antigen The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has killed untold millions worldwide and has hurtled vaccines into the spotlight as a go-to approach to mitigate it. Advances in virology, genomics, structural biology, and vaccine technologies have enabled a rapid and unprecedented rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, although much of the developing world remains unvaccinated. Several new vaccine platform...
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