A Novel Avian Paramyxovirus (Putative Serotype 15) Isolated from Wild Birds

Abstract

In January 2014, a viral hemagglutinating agent named UPO216 was isolated from fecal droppings of wild birds at the UPO wetland in South Korea during an avian influenza surveillance program. Electron microscopy identified the UPO216 virus as an avian paramyxovirus (APMV). Pathogenicity tests and molecular pathotyping revealed that the virus was avirulent in chickens. The UPO216 virus was assigned to a serological group antigenically distinct from known serotypes of APMV (−1, −2, −3, −4, −6, −7, −8, and −9) by hemagglutination inhibition test, despite showing weak cross-reactivity with APMV-1 and APMV-9. The UPO216 virus RNA genome is 15,180 nucleotides (nts) in length, encodes 3′-N-P(V/W)-M-F-HN-L-5′ in that order, and shows unique genetic characteristics in terms of genomic composition and evolutionary divergence (0.43 or greater from known serotypes of APMV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the UPO216 occupies a branch separate from APMV-1, -9, -12, and -13. Serologic surveillance of wild birds (n = 880; 15 species, five Orders) detected UPO216-reactive antibodies in 4% (20/494) of serum samples taken from five species of wild duck belonging to the Order Anseriformes. In particular, UPO216-specific antibodies showing no cross-reaction with other serotypes of APMV were detected in four species: Eurasian teal (1/36), European wigeon (1/73), mallard (4/139), and Spot-Billed duck (1/137). These results indicate that the UPO216 virus has antigenically and genetically unique characteristics distinct from known serotypes of APMV and likely has been circulating widely in wild duck species of the Order Anseriformes. Thus, we propose the UPO216 isolate as a prototype strain of a novel APMV serotype (putative APMV-15).

Biological and phylogenetic characterization of a novel hemagglutination-negative avian avulavirus 6 isolated from wild waterfowl in China

“…Avian paramyxoviruses that have been isolated from birds; however, due to changes in taxonomy is now referred to as avian avulavirus (AAvV) (Amarasinghe et al., ). There are 13 described AAvV serotypes (AAvV‐1 to ‐13) based on neuraminidase inhibition tests and hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and eight another putative serotypes have been recently isolated (AAvV‐14 to ‐21) (Jeong et al., ; Lee et al., ; Neira et al., ; Thampaisarn et al., ; Thomazelli et al., ; Yamamoto, Ito, & Ito, ). While very limited information is known about the biological and molecular characteristics of AAvV‐2 to ‐21, extensive study has been mainly conducted on AAvV‐1 (Newcastle disease virus, NDV) (Cardenas‐Garcia et al., ; Umali, Ito, Katoh, & Ito, ).…”

Comparative evolutionary and phylogenomic analysis of Avian avulaviruses 1–20

“…These novel and emerging avulaviruses are reported recently from wild/water fowls (Thomazelli et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2017;Neira et al, 2017;Karamendin et al, 2017). Interestingly, these avulaviruses (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 in particular) were isolated during avian influenza (AI) surveillance in wild birds (Miller et al, 2010;Briand et al, 2010;Terregino et al, 2013;Yamamoto et al, 2015;Thampaisan et al, 2017;Thomazelli et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2017;Neira et al, 2017;Karamendin et al, 2017). Therefore, opportunities gained through AI surveillance have significantly elucidated the ecology of avulaviruses in their natural reservoirs; the wild/water-fowl species.…”

“…The emergence of novel avulaviruses, year-to-year on-going variations in genome, and the virulent, either low or high, implies that distinct avulaviruses are simultaneously evolving among a wide range of avian hosts, across the globe (Miller et al, 2009;Aldous et al, 2014). A vast majority of previously published literature is limited to biologic and genomic characteristics of individual avulaviruses, particularly avulaviruses 1 (Kumar et al, 2008;Palduri et al, 2009;Samuel et al, 2009;Subbiah et al, 2010;Abolnik et al, 2012;Samel et al, 2010;Miller et al, 2010;Briand et al, 2012;Shabbir et al, 2012a;Shabbir et al, 2012b;Munir et al, 2012a;Munir et al, 2012b;Tian et al, 2012;Shabbir et al, 2013;terregino et al, 2013;Yamamoto et al, 2015;Akhtar et al, 2016;Shabbir et al, 2016;Shabbir et al, 2018;Thampaisarn et al, 2017;Thomazelli et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2017;Neira et al, 2017;Karamendin et al, 2017). Therefore, it is imperative to comprehensively analyse all known avian avulaviruses (specie-type 1-20) and to comparatively assess inter-avulaviruses differences based on not only complete genome but also individual genes.…”

Genetic characterization of one duck‐origin paramyxovirus type 4 strain in China

“…Avian paramyxovirus (APMV) belongs to the genus Avulavirus , subfamily Paramyxovirinae , and it is divided into nine serotypes (APMV‐1~9) based on their antigenic correlation analyses (Alexander, ; Baker, Dutch, Lamb, & Jardetzky, ). Additionally, strains of APMV‐10~13 and putative serotype 14–15 as new serotypes that were antigenically and genetically distinct from the strains of APMV‐1~9 were recently isolated and reported (Lee et al, ; Miller et al, ; Terregino et al, ; Thampaisarn et al, ). Except for APMV‐1, which includes the widely known Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as its representative group, few studies have been conducted on the other APMV serotypes.…”