A new visible watermarking technique applied to CMOS image sensor

Yu, Pingping; Shang, Yan; Li, Chunming

doi:10.1117/12.2031136

Cited by 10 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To determine the JND depending on the background intensity level, we used relationship provided by [14], which is formulated by…”

Section: R Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HVS is less sensible to the lowest and the highest intensity level compared with the middle intensity level, and the JND determines the intensity difference between the intensity of the forward pattern and the intensity of the background that the HVS cannot perceive, depending on the background intensity level. To determine the JND depending on the background intensity level, we used relationship provided by [14], which is formulated by

T_{JND} = ({, \begin{matrix} 1em4pt \\ - \frac{1}{8} p + 6, & p ∊ ()(, 0, 32), \\ - \frac{1}{32} p + 3, & p ∊ ()(, 33, 64), \\ \frac{1}{96} p + \frac{1}{3}, & p ∊ ()(, 65, 255), \end{matrix})

where p is the intensity value. Fig.…”

Section: Proposed Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved imperceptible visible watermarking algorithm for auxiliary informationdelivery

et al. 2018

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An imperceptible visible watermarking (IVW) algorithm is proposed to deliver auxiliary information about the visual contents, including ownership information. The proposed algorithm overcomes several inconveniences presented in previously reported IVW algorithms using the just noticeable difference (JND) criterion, invisible watermarking and binarisation function. The proposed algorithm consists of the visible watermark embedding and the exhibition stages. The JND criterion is used to embed visible watermark pattern in an imperceptible manner by the human visual system, while invisible watermarking based on the discrete cosine transform is used to share crucial parameters between both stages, which makes possible the watermark visualisation without any side information. In the watermark exhibition stage, the imperceptibly embedded visible watermark pattern is exhibited by the binarisation function. The proposed algorithm can be applied to any class of images with different characteristics and several visible watermark patterns can be embedded into an input image. Evaluation results show that performance of the proposed algorithm is better compared with previously reported algorithms from several practical points of view.

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“…To determine the JND depending on the background intensity level, we used relationship provided by [14], which is formulated by…”

Section: R Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

T_{JND} = ({, \begin{matrix} 1em4pt \\ - \frac{1}{8} p + 6, & p ∊ ()(, 0, 32), \\ - \frac{1}{32} p + 3, & p ∊ ()(, 33, 64), \\ \frac{1}{96} p + \frac{1}{3}, & p ∊ ()(, 65, 255), \end{matrix})

where p is the intensity value. Fig.…”

Section: Proposed Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved imperceptible visible watermarking algorithm for auxiliary informationdelivery

et al. 2018

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“…To increase the applicability of images without any darkness plain region, the Total-Variation L1-Norm [23] is introduced, which decomposes the input image luminance into texture and cartoon images since the adequate embedding region can be selected from the cartoon image that contains several dark plain regions. To embed the binary watermark, the same proposed methodology is used with the difference that the embedding strength, ∆, is calculated according to the human visual system (HVS) through a methodology called Just Noticeable Distortion (JND) [24][25][26][27][28]. In the exhibition stage, the shifted GCF is used to reveal the watermark to the naked eyes.…”

Section: Improved Unseen-visible Watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The luminance-based JND [24] used in the proposed algorithm is a numerical representation of the human eyes' ability to perceive intensity variations into an image, which has been employed on several applications of video [24], image processing [25], data hiding [26], image compression [27] and image watermarking [28]. According to the proposed methodology, if the embedding region ensures a minimum variance, its mean value can be used to obtain an embedding strength based on the HVS perception; this methodology is calculated in the spatial domain by (7).…”

Section: Just Noticeable Distortion (Jnd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Information Delivery to Image Content via Improved Unseen–Visible Watermarking

et al. 2021

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In a practical watermark scenario, watermarks are used to provide auxiliary information; in this way, an analogous digital approach called unseen–visible watermark has been introduced to deliver auxiliary information. In this algorithm, the embedding stage takes advantage of the visible and invisible watermarking to embed an owner logotype or barcodes as watermarks; in the exhibition stage, the equipped functions of the display devices are used to reveal the watermark to the naked eyes, eliminating any watermark exhibition algorithm. In this paper, a watermark complement strategy for unseen–visible watermarking is proposed to improve the embedding stage, reducing the histogram distortion and the visual degradation of the watermarked image. The presented algorithm exhibits the following contributions: first, the algorithm can be applied to any class of images with large smooth regions of low or high intensity; second, a watermark complement strategy is introduced to reduce the visual degradation and histogram distortion of the watermarked image; and third, an embedding error measurement is proposed. Evaluation results show that the proposed strategy has high performance in comparison with other algorithms, providing a high visual quality of the exhibited watermark and preserving its robustness in terms of readability and imperceptibility against geometric and processing attacks.

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“…In the plain and edge areas of the image, watermarking energy must be smaller to avoid watermark obtrusiveness, and textured areas, instead, must receive further treatment to enhance the visibility of the watermark. Proposed algorithm is compared with other Bayer CFA-based visible watermarking algorithms [13,14] and numerical comparison results based on Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) show better performance of proposed algorithm satisfying all visible watermarking requirements mentioned above. It is worth noting that, in proposed visible watermarking scheme, the watermark pattern can be binary, grey-scale, and even a colour logotype, which is a desirable feature when the embedded watermark is used for also advertisement purpose besides copyright protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Watermarking Technique Based on Human Visual System for Single Sensor Digital Cameras

Santoyo-Garcia

Fragoso-Navarro

Reyes-Reyes

et al. 2017

Security and Communication Networks

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In this paper we propose a visible watermarking algorithm, in which a visible watermark is embedded into the Bayer Colour Filter Array (CFA) domain. The Bayer CFA is the most common raw image representation for images captured by single sensor digital cameras equipped in almost all mobile devices. In proposed scheme, the captured image is watermarked before it is compressed and stored in the storage system. Then this method enforces the rightful ownership of the watermarked image, since there is no other version of the image rather than the watermarked one. We also take into consideration the Human Visual System (HVS) so that the proposed technique provides desired characteristics of a visible watermarking scheme, such that the embedded watermark is sufficiently perceptible and at same time not obtrusive in colour and grey-scale images. Unlike other Bayer CFA domain visible watermarking algorithms, in which only binary watermark pattern is supported, proposed watermarking algorithm allows grey-scale and colour images as watermark patterns. It is suitable for advertisement purpose, such as digital library and e-commerce, besides copyright protection.

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A new visible watermarking technique applied to CMOS image sensor

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Improved imperceptible visible watermarking algorithm for auxiliary informationdelivery

Improved imperceptible visible watermarking algorithm for auxiliary informationdelivery

Additional Information Delivery to Image Content via Improved Unseen–Visible Watermarking

Visible Watermarking Technique Based on Human Visual System for Single Sensor Digital Cameras

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